Row spacing and plant population density for differentiated plant architecture cotton cultivarsThe aim of this work was to evaluate different row spacings and plant population densities for three cotton cultivars with different plant architecture.The experiments were carried out in experimental areas belonging to Instituto Agronômico, in Campinas-SP, at Pólo Regional do Noroeste Paulista, from APTA, in Votuporanga-SP and at Unesp Campus de Ilha Solteira, in Selvíria-MS.A randomized block design was used, with four replicates, in a factorial 2x2x3 scheme, with two row spacings (0.45 and 0.90 m), two plant population densities (6 and 10 plants.m - ) and three cotton cultivars (IAC 24, DeltaOpal e Fibermax 966).Four plants per plot were labeled and analyzed for the plant height, insertion height of the first fruit branch, stem diameter, number of fruit branches and open bolls per plant.In Votuporanga were also analyzed the boll rot incidence and the pericarp thickness of young bolls.Samples of 20 open bolls randomized chosen per plot were analyzed for yield components: average open boll mass, 100 seeds mass, and fiber percentage, just on the Campinas experiment; and for fiber technological characteristics: length, length uniformity, strength, micronaire and maturity.In Campinas the cotton yield was determinated in the useful area of each plot.According to the experimental data obtained it was possible to conclude: the use of wider row spacing leads to a greater plant height, larger stem diameter, greater number of fruit branches and bolls per plant.The use of row spacing varying from 0.45 to 0.90 and plant densities varying from 6 to10 plants.m - do not affect cotton yield; under lower plant competition and higher light levels in the canopy, that is, in wider row spacing and/or lower plant population, the fiber production is prioritized by the cotton plant; independently of the cultivar and row spacing, the micronaire may increase with plant population reduction; the boll rot incidence, as well as its severity, are related to plant genotype, due to either plant architecture and pericarp thickness.
Consumer demand for ready-to-eat-products has stimulated the development of new processing techniques to prepare fresh-cut fruit and vegetables. The aim of this study was to propose a peeling method for 'Pera' oranges (Citrus sinensis [L.] Osb.) by using a hydrothermal treatment and to determine its influence on the respiratory activity, physicochemical and sensorial characteristics, as well as on the peeling time. Cooled oranges (6ºC) were immersed in heated water (50ºC) for eight minutes and then, peeled and stored at 6ºC. The internal fruit temperatures taken at 1 and 3 cm depths (from fruit surface) were 15ºC and 10ºC, respectively, at the end of the hydrothermal treatment. Non-hydrothermally-treated peeled oranges were used as control. The peeling time for treated oranges was 3.2 times as short as the time used for the control. The yield of marketable oranges was 95% for hydrothermally-treated oranges versus 60% for control. The respiratory activity of hydrothermally-treated oranges was greater than that of control oranges only during the first hour after peeling. The hydrothermal treatment influenced neither the physicochemical quality (given by soluble solids, titratable acidity and ascorbic acid content) nor fruit flavor. Oranges peeled with the aid of the hydrothermal treatment had better appearance. The hydrothermal treatment makes the peeling of oranges easier and does not affect their respiratory activity or their physicochemical and sensorial qualities.
Abstract Background To date, oil-rich plants are the main source of biodiesel products. Because concerns have been voiced about the impact of oil-crop cultivation on the price of food commodities, the interest in oil plants not used for food production and amenable to cultivation on non-agricultural land has soared. As a non-food, drought-resistant and oil-rich crop, Jatropha curcas L. fulfils many of the requirements for biofuel production. Results We have generated 13,249 expressed sequence tags (ESTs) from developing and germinating Jatropha seeds. This strategy allowed us to detect most known genes related to lipid synthesis and degradation. We have also identified ESTs coding for proteins that may be involved in the toxicity of Jatropha seeds. Another unexpected finding is the high number of ESTs containing transposable element-related sequences in the developing seed library (800) when contrasted with those found in the germinating seed library (80). Conclusions The sequences generated in this work represent a considerable increase in the number of sequences deposited in public databases. These results can be used to produce genetically improved varieties of Jatropha with increased oil yields, different oil compositions and better agronomic characteristics.
This work was carried out at the experimental farm of the São Paulo State University, at Selvíria, State of Mato Grosso do Sul, Brazil to evaluate row spacing (4,00, 3,50, 2,00 and 1,75m) with or without irrigation (dropping system), from July, 1998 to May, 2002. The randomized completely blocks design was used with four replications. The results showed that the yield was increased by high plant densities. The height, diameter, reproductive branches number and leaves number were not affected by the plant densities. The irrigation increased the yield, height, diameter, branches length and leaves number of the plants
A sanificação é uma das operações mais importantes em processamento mínimo. Objetivou-se, neste trabalho, determinar em qual etapa do processamento mínimo de laranja, a sanificação é mais eficaz. Os frutos foram selecionados quanto à coloração da casca e tamanho e resfriados a 6ºC por 12h. Em seguida foram submetidos aos seguintes tratamentos: a) sanificação antes do descascamento; b) antes e após o descascamento; c) após o descascamento; d) sem sanificação (controle). O princípio ativo do sanificante utilizado foi Dicloro S. Triazinatriona Sódica. A sanificação antes do descascamento constou de imersão dos frutos em água, com 200 mg.L ¹ de cloro por 10 minutos, e a sanificação após o descascamento constou de imersão dos frutos em água com 50 mgL-1 de cloro por três minutos, seguido de enxagüe em água potável. O descascamento foi realizado através de tratamento hidrotérmico (imersão das laranjas em água a 50ºC por aproximadamente oito minutos). Posteriormente as laranjas foram descascadas manualmente e armazenadas a 6ºC por seis dias. Os níveis de contaminação tanto por fungos como por bactérias foram baixos, atingindo no máximo 4 x 10² UFC.g-1. Não foram detectados coliformes nem Salmonella em nenhuma amostra dos tratamentos. Embora todas as contagens microbianas tenham sido baixas em todos os tratamentos, naqueles nos quais se utilizou sanificação foram encontradas as menores contaminações, mostrando a eficácia da sanificação. Com base nestes resultados recomenda-se a sanificação antes do descascamento, após a operação de lavagem dos frutos para garantir a qualidade microbiológica.
O processo de producao de Biodiesel Diretamente da Semente (PDS) de oleaginosas utiliza um catalisador a base de NaOH na reacao de transesterificacao. O principal subproduto desse processo e a torta PDS, esta apresenta consideraveis teores de sodio em sua composicao, que pode ser limitante na atividade dos microrganismos durante sua mineralizacao. O objetivo do estudo foi avaliar a taxa de mineralizacao da torta de mamona produzida a partir do processo direto da semente (PDS), adicionada em amostras de terra coletadas na profundidade de 0-20 cm de um CAMBISSOLO HAPLICO Tb Eutrofico (CXbe) situado em area da Chapada do Apodi, Rio Grande do Norte. A torta PDS de mamona utilizada foi oriunda da Estacao Experimental de Producao de Biodiesel (UEB-2) do Centro de Pesquisas Leopoldo Americo Miguez de Mello, Guamare, RN. Para o estudo foi utilizada a torta PDS de mamona em seu estado in natura e tratada com agua destilada para a remocao dos teores de Na+. O material foi incubado sob doses crescentes de torta PDS: 0, 5, 10, 20, 40, 80 e 160 Mg ha-1 por um periodo de 32 dias. Foi avaliada a decomposicao do material atraves da evolucao de CO2. A taxa de mineralizacao da torta PDS de mamona em um CAMBISSOLO HAPLICO nao e influenciada pelos niveis de sodio presentes na torta in natura e tratada. O tratamento da torta PDS com agua e eficaz na reducao nos teores de sodio total e trocavel, mas como consequencia ha perdas de N e K.
Castor bean ( Ricinus communis L.) seeds serve as raw material for the production of nonedible oil used in medicine and industry, whereas the presence of allergenic and toxic proteins in the residue left after oil extraction precludes the use of this protein-rich by-product in animal feeding. To better understand the enzymes involved in the biosynthesis and degradation of fatty acids and to identify proteins with toxic/anti-nutritional properties, extracts of developing and germinating seeds were prepared and prefractionated according to solubility properties of the proteins. An enriched plastid organelle fraction embracing mostly plastids and mitochondria was also prepared. Two-dimensional electrophoresis (2DE) reference maps of these fractions were obtained from which nearly 400 proteins were identified by matrix-assisted laser desorption ionization-time of flight-time of flight (MALDI-TOF-TOF) mass spectrometry after a search in a National Center for Biotechnology Information (NCBI) database and in an expressed sequence tag (EST) primary bank prepared from a cDNA library of developing seeds. These proteomics techniques resulted in the identification of several classes of seed reserve proteins such as 2S albumins, legumin-like and seed storage proteins, as well as other proteins of plastidial or mitochondrial functions and proteins involved in plant defense against biotic and abiotic stresses. It is expected that the collected data will facilitate the application of genetic techniques to improve the quality/profile of castor seed fatty acids, and pave the way for a rational approach to inactivate allergenic and toxic proteins, allowing the use of castor bean meal in animal feeding.