Renewable energy will play an important role in the transition to a sustainable energy system. With an increased maturity of renewable energy technologies, issues concerning implementation are becoming more important. The decisions and actions of municipalities and other local actors have a significant influence on the implementation of renewable energy. In this thesis challenges to implementation at the local level in Sweden are analysed for two types of renewable energy technologies: biogas and wind power. The thesis is based on six case studies where written documents and semi-structured qualitative interviews have been the main sources of material. Two research themes are explored. In the first theme the planning and management of locally based renewable energy projects is studied. It is shown that project planning, concerning biogas projects in particular, can be complex and that the conditions of planning can vary considerably between projects. The results indicate that different planning approaches are appropriate for different projects and flexibility is identified as a key aspect of project planning. The second theme deals with conflicts related to the siting of renewable energy facilities, and how these are handled in land-use planning through citizen participation. It is shown that there are both differences and similarities when comparing traditional siting conflicts with those concerning renewable energy facilities. Different theoretical perspectives on siting conflicts and citizen participation are discussed, which have different, and sometimes opposing views, of the goals of participation. It is argued that the expectations of what can be achieved by citizen participation in the handling of siting conflicts must be realistic. More specifically, the results of the case studies show that public consultation, which is the dominating form of citizen participation in Sweden, has some important limitations that must be acknowledged.
Urban rail line (Continued) .the original objectives set when the projects were first approved, and new project objectives that subsequently "emerged" during the course of their planning and implementation (referred to as "emergent objectives"); .the treatment of risk, uncertainty and complexity in MTP decision-making, with special attention paid to the impacts of changing contexts on such decision-making (i.e. the "power of context"), with particular focus given to the contexts of pivotal decisions in a project's history.The former set of findings is seen as potentially very useful in identifying lessons of how MTPs can be further enhanced by the adoption of "emergent objectives", highlighting the importance of how these can lead to a recognition of the need to re-visit the framing of such projects.The second set of findings looks to identifying lessons of how the better treatment of risk, uncertainty, complexity in decision-making, and the impact of context on such decision-making (both within and outside the project) can considerably improve the performance, resilience, and outcomes of such projects.Note 1. MTPs are here defined as land-based transport infrastructure investments in the form of bridges, tunnels, road and rail links or combinations of these, that entail a construction cost of over US$1 billion which are frequently perceived as critical to the "success" of major urban, metropolitan, regional, national developments and even transnational developments (OMEGA Centre, 2012).
The current research was conducted to analyze the chemical properties of the soil of Margalla Hills of Pakistan affected by fire in comparison with un-burnt soil of the same area. Soil texture is affected by combustion but with the revival of nature plants, soil properties turn to pre-burn status. A study of fire affected soil revealed that soil properties were significantly improved on burnt soils than on the un-burnt site and the response was attributed changes in the host plant.
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