The resource,capability and application range of diatomite were introduced in this paper.The full process of pre-spreading,filtrating,reverse rinsing for diatomite filter aid applied in rice wine production and rice wine lees filtration and pre-spreading vacuum drum filter applied in rice wine lees filtration were also introduced.The solution method during the process was proposed.The callback of distilled liquor from deposed diatomite was discussed as well.
The bisolute sorption and thermodynamic behavior of organic pollutants on low temperature biochars (LTB) at 300 °C and high temperature biochars (HTB) at 700 °C were determined to elucidate sorptive properties of biochar changed with pyrolytic temperatures. The structural characteristics and isotherms shape of the biochar were more dependent on the pyrolytic temperature than on the biomass feedstocks, which included orange peel, pine needle, and sugar cane bagasse. For LTB, the thermally altered organic matter colocalized with the carbonized matter, and the visible fine pores of the fixed carbons were plugged by the remaining volatile carbon. For HTB, most of the volatile matter was gone and the fixed matter was composed of fully carbonized adsorptive sites. Monolayer adsorption of 1-naphthol to HTB was dominant but was suppressed by phenol. In comparison, LTB displayed exceptional sorption behavior where partition and adsorption were concurrently promoted by a cosolute and elevated temperature. In addition to monolayer surface coverage, pore-filling mechanisms may contribute to the increase of adsorption fraction. Moreover, the entropy gain was a dominant force driving the partition and adsorption processes in LTB. Thus, the colocalizing partition phase and adsorptive sites in LTB are proposed to be in interencased states rather than in physical separation.
Graphene nanosheets, as a novel nanoadsorbent, can be further modified to optimize the adsorption capability for various pollutants. To overcome the structural limits of graphene (aggregation) and graphene oxide (hydrophilic surface) in water, sulfonated graphene (GS) was prepared by diazotization reaction using sulfanilic acid. It was demonstrated that GS not only recovered a relatively complete sp(2)-hybridized plane with high affinity for aromatic pollutants but also had sulfonic acid groups and partial original oxygen-containing groups that powerfully attracted positively charged pollutants. The saturated adsorption capacities of GS were 400 mg/g for phenanthrene, 906 mg/g for methylene blue and 58 mg/g for Cd(2+), which were much higher than the corresponding values for reduced graphene oxide and graphene oxide. GS as a graphene-based adsorbent exhibits fast adsorption kinetic rate and superior adsorption capacity toward various pollutants, which mainly thanks to the multiple adsorption sites in GS including the conjugate π region sites and the functional group sites. Moreover, the sulfonic acid groups endow GS with the good dispersibility and single or few nanosheets which guarantee the adsorption processes. It is great potential to expose the adsorption sites of graphene nanosheets for pollutants in water by regulating their microstructures, surface properties and water dispersion.
The generation of radicals through photo-Fenton-like reactions demonstrates significant potential for remediating emerging organic contaminants (EOCs) in complex aqueous environments. However, the excitonic effect, induced by Coulomb interactions between photoexcited electrons and holes, reduces carrier utilization efficiency in these systems. In this study, we develop Cu single-atom-loaded covalent organic frameworks (CuSA/COFs) as models to modulate excitonic effects. Temperature-dependent photoluminescence and ultrafast transient absorption spectra reveal that incorporating acenaphthene units into the linker (CuSA/Ace-COF) significantly reduces exciton binding energy (Eb). This modification not only enhances peroxymonosulfate adsorption at Cu active sites but also facilitates rapid electron transfer and promotes selective hydroxyl radical generation. Compared to CuSA/Obq-COF (Eb = 25.6 meV), CuSA/Ace-COF (Eb = 12.2 meV) shows a 39.5-fold increase in the pseudo-first-order rate constant for sulfamethoxazole degradation (0.434 min-1). This work provides insights into modulating excitonic behavior in single-atom catalysts via linker engineering for EOCs degradation.
Solar desalination has shown great potential in alleviating global water scarcity. However, the trade-off between energy efficiency and salt rejection remains a challenge, restricting its practical applications. In this study, we report a three-dimensional nitrocellulose membrane-based evaporator featuring a high evaporation rate (1.5 kg m-2 h-1) and efficient salt precipitation at the edges. Additionally, the salt is isolated from the photothermal area of the evaporator and falls automatically with a salt recovery rate of 97 g m-2 h-1 in brine with 10 wt % salt content. The distinctive performance is attributed to the precise water supply control, which was adjusted by changing the resistance force and driven force in the evaporator. With a high evaporation rate, stable performance, and specific salt recovery ability, this solar evaporation structure holds great potential in water desalination and resource recovery.
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