Background and objective:Tracheal intubation is one of the best methods of securing a patient airway.Though many non-depolarising muscle relaxants (NDMRs) like atracurium besylate, vecuronium bromide and mivacurium chloride were introduced, they however have not matched the timing and intubating conditions produced by succinylcholine.The new NDMR drug rocuronium bromide became the first competitor for succinylcholine as it produces excellent cardiovascular stabilityand is devoid of the adverse effects that are seen with succinylcholine.Hence, the present study was undertaken to compare the intubating conditions, hemodynamic changes and adverse effects of using injection succinylcholine 1 mg/kg with two doses of injection rocuronium bromide 0.6 mg/kg and 1 mg/kg body weight during general anaesthesia in adult patients. Methodology:The study population consisted of 90 patients aged between 18-60 years posted for various elective surgeries requiring general anaesthesia.Study population was randomly divided into 3 groups with 30 patients in each sub group.Group A received injection succinylcholine 1mg/kg body weight and intubation, group B received injection rocuronium bromide 0.6 mg/kg body weight and group C received injection rocuronium bromide 1mg/kg body weight and intubation attempted at 60 seconds.Intubating conditions were assessed at 60 seconds based on the scale adopted by Toni Magorian et al. 1993.Results: It was found that succinylcholine 1mg/kg body weight and rocuronium bromide 1mg/kg body weight produced excellent intubating condition in 96.7% and 93.3% of the patients, respectively whereas rocuronium bromide 0.6mg/kg produced excellent intubating condition in only 50% of the patients and the difference was statistically significant.Rocuronium bromide 0.6 mg/kg produced significant increase in heart rate, systolic blood pressure, diastolic blood pressure from baseline as compared to succinylcholine 1mg/kg and rocuronium bromide 1 mg/kg, post induction.Conclusion: Thus, from the present study, it is clear that Rocuronium is a safe, haemodynamically stable and good alternative for succinylcholine for endotracheal intubation at 60 seconds and can be used for safe intubation, if there is no anticipation of difficult intubation.
Of all the natural hazards, drought affects the maximum number of people globally causing devastating impacts. It is a reality that drought results in sets of socio-economic impacts starting with crop-yield failure, unemployment, erosion of assets, income decrease, poor nutrition and decreasing risk absorptive capacity, thereby increasing the vulnerability of the community. This paper gives a brief of the existing approaches that focus on vulnerability and impact assessment aid to characterize and identify regions, sectors and communities which are at risk for drought currently and in the future. It also discusses the limitation, constraints and pre-requisites in these approaches and highlights the importance of micro-level information to have a more realistic understanding of impact and vulnerability through illustration, with reference to the recent study conducted by the International Crops Research Institute for the Semi-Arid Tropics (ICRISAT). This exercise will provide a guiding framework for devising action plans to improve adaptive capacity among vulnerable populations.
Rainfall data from 1979-2019 was analysed across the agro climatic zones in transition region of Karnataka. Rainfall Anomaly Index and Mean deviation methods are used to identify drought years and wet years over both spatial and temporal on time scale. The North Eastern Transition Zone can be considered as most vulnerable zone as it recorded for about 24 dry years values which indicates existence of persistence drought in this zone. The Northern Transition Zone is not vulnerable when compared to Northern Eastern Transition Zone as most of the drought year values are nearer to wet year values (RAI -0.3 to -1.2) which implies that this zone has moderate drought condition. The Southern transition zone has normal drought condition (RAI +0.3 to -0.3) which implies neither wet nor neither dry condition. But if proper conservations were not taken, this zone may come in the hit list of most vulnerable zone in near future which will harm the farming community.
India is the largest producer and consumer of tea in the world and accounts for around 27 per cent of world production and 13 per cent of world trade. Export of tea is around 20 per cent of domestic production. The bulk (75 to 80 per cent) of tea production comes from Northern India, Assam and West Bengal being the major contributors. In recent years, however, India’s long-standing predominance in the world market as the largest producer and exporter of tea has taken a beating due to sluggish growth in production coupled with slow ascendancy in domestic consumption (Mitra, 1991). India’s share in world exports of tea has also drastically declined indicating that India is unable to take advantage of the expanding world market. To add to the woes of the tea firms and farmers is the falling prices of tea both in the domestic and international markets. These changes would have an adverse impact on the economy. It is pertinent to assess the performance of tea sector and identify ways and means of overcoming the problems. Therefore, the present study was taken up with the following specific objectives; (a) to study the composition, nature and directions of tea trade, and, (b) to assess the competitiveness of tea and to suggest policies to ameliorate the depreciating situation of tea industry.
India is the second largest producer of onion in the world. Though newer states, like Bihar and Madhya Pradesh, are emerging in onion production; onion is still largely concentrated in the states of Maharashtra and Karnataka, one dominating in rabi onion and the other one in kharif onion. Despite tremendous production growth and trade opportunities, India suffers from very high volatility in onion production. Markets in the leading state i.e., Maharashtra, are pre-dominant in terms of onion supply and distribution and thereby creating strong influences on other markets. Lasalgaon, Pimpalgaon, Bangalore and Solapur are the major markets transmitting price signals to other major consuming and producing markets. The market surveillance needs to be given due priority to control for any imperfections and malpractices arising due to advance signals. The instability in production can be reduced by diluting regional concentration of onion production. Stabilisation through stocks by public sector agencies like NAFED will help reducing the exploitation and market manipulation by private traders. The storage capacity needs to be enhanced at the grass root level. Effective use of Government schemes like “Price Stabilisation Fund” and “Operation Greens” would help in creating mechanisms and logistics to control the price volatility.
The study was carried out for ten Agro climatic zones in Karnataka state in India. The temperature and rainfall data were used for analysis from 1979-2019 which is about 40 years. Understanding spatiotemporal rainfall pattern, Rainfall Anomaly Index which is drought indicator technique was used to classify the positive and negative severities in rainfall anomalies. The RAI ranges below 0.2 are considered as dry zone. The analysis resulted that, all zones are falls in category of dry zone with range of 0.2 to 0.4. For past five years, North Eastern Transition Zone was noted maximum times falling in the range of RAI below 0.2 and near to zero. Statistical techniques like linear trend estimation, R square was used for trend estimation across annual, seasonal to identify the variation in the temperature across different zones. The meaningful statistically significant achieves when there is r2≥0.65 and p≤0.05. It was analysed that, hilly Zone experienced decreased trend in both minimum and maximum temperature in all seasons which ultimately reflected in annual temperature to decrease with high R square values.
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