The thermopile of the sensor consists of 192 pairs Pt-PtRh10 thermocouples with length 1 mm and width 100 μm in serpentine series were deposited on Al2O3 ceramic substrates by photolithography-coating process. And a thermal resistance layer with mesh cavity structure with lower thermal conductivity was proposed, four thermal resistance layers were spaced over the thermopile contacts to increase the sensitivity of the sensor. Then a wind tunnel was used to calibrate the sensitivity of the sensor by comparison method and simulated its performance in the actual application environment, and the response time was measured by pulsed laser. The results shows that the output potential of the thin film heat flux sensor has a linear characteristic with temperature from 200 to 500 °C, the sensitivity is about 0.627 m2·μV/W and the average response time is about 12.7 μs. The sample is stable in wind tunnel tests and responds quickly to the change of heat flux.
In this work, we propose a hydrogen sensor to realize ppb-level hydrogen detection at a lower temperature. To fabricate the sensor, foamed nickel was thermally oxidized in bismuth oxide vapor to form the Bi-doped oxidized nickel foam, and Pd nanoparticles were further deposited on its surface by magnetron sputtering. This sensor possesses a unique phenomenon, that is, the response of the sensor does not decline due to repeated hydrogen charging and discharging as same as most hydrogen sensors, but keeps increasing and reaches balance eventually. The Bi3+ doping leads to a reduction in the thickness of the NiO hole accumulation layer, which contributes to the high response. The Bi5+ self-doping occurring during the repeated cycle test further promotes oxygen adsorption, so that the sensor response is continuously improved. As a result, the response of the Pd-Bi-OFN sensor to 1% hydrogen is as high as 580% in the air, and the detection limit is as low as 20 ppb at a lower temperature of 75 ˚C. Meanwhile, the sensor possesses high selectivity, great humidity stability, and long durability. This work provides an outstanding guidance to fabricate reliable ppb-level hydrogen sensors.
Abstract Background: Breast cancer is the most common cancer among women in China. Hence, how best to live with and improve the health-related quality of life (HRQoL) of this growing population of women is thus becoming of great public health importance. The aim of the study was to evaluate the relationship of lifestyle habits to HRQoL among younger and older women who were initially diagnosed with breast cancer within the first two weeks, determine the contribution of lifestyle habits factors on HRQoL. Methods: A multi-center, hospital-based, case control study was conducted among breast cancer women from 22 hospitals in 11 provinces or municipalities in northern and eastern China from April 2012 to April 2013. The Functional Assessment of Cancer Therapy-Breast Cancer (FACT-B) simplified Chinese version 4 was used to measure HRQoL. Chi-square test, ANOVA and Multivariable generalized linear models were conducted to verify differences in HRQoL between two groups and to evaluate the contribution of lifestyle habits factors ( including smoking, passive smoking, alcohol intake, Tea, Coffee, Sleep satisfaction, Current life satisfaction, Physical activity, BMI) on HRQoL of breast cancer patients. Results: 1199 eligible breast cancer patients were used for analysis. Younger women (age < 50 years) appeared to show lower scores than older women (age ≥ 50 years) in HRQoL subscales including emotional well being (p = 0.003), functional well being (p = 0.006), breast cancer subscale (p = 0.038), and FACT-B Total scores (p = 0.028). Tea and alcohol consumption, very satisfied with sleep and current life were the strongest predictors of higher HRQoL in younger group. Meanwhile, no coffee consumption, frequent participation in physical activities, high sleep satisfaction and current life satisfaction were the key predictors of higher HRQoL in older breast cancer women. Conclusion: The relationship of the nine lifestyle habit items to HRQoL were different between younger and older women. Associated variable of low HRQoL can help clinicians take intervention early in order to improve the prognosis of breast cancer patients.
We have studied magnetization reversal behaviors of diamond-shaped NiFe nanofilm elements with different length-to-width ratios (LWRs) between long and short diagonals by micromagnetic simulation. The results show that the reversal process of the diamond-shaped element strongly depends on the LWR. If the LWR is smaller than 2, the reversal starts at the element edge, but it starts from the center of the element with larger LWR. With a bias field and when the LWR is larger than 2, all the elements experience a similar reversal process, which is simple and unique. In addition, the switching field becomes stable and nearly constant. These results suggest that the diamond-shaped NiFe nanofilm element can be potentially used in magnetic random access memory.
The energetic igniters through integrating B/Ti nano-multilayers on tantalum nitride (TaN) ignition bridge are designed and fabricated. The X-ray diffraction (XRD) and temperature coefficient of resistance (TCR) results show that nitrogen content has a great influence on the crystalline structure and TCR. TaN films under nitrogen ratio of 0.99 % exhibit a near-zero TCR value of approximately 10 ppm/°C. The scanning electron microscopy demonstrates that the layered structure of the B/Ti multilayer films is clearly visible with sharp and smooth interfaces. The electrical explosion characteristics employing a capacitor discharge firing set at the optimized charging voltage of 45 V reveal an excellent explosion performance by (B/Ti) n /TaN integration film bridge with small ignition delay time, high explosion temperature, much more bright flash of light, and much large quantities of the ejected product particles than TaN film bridge.
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