Abstract The experiment was conducted at the TAES Western Area Operations at Eagle Lake. The experiment was designed as a RCB with 8 treatments and 4 replications. Each plot was 15 ft X 8 ft and surrounded by a metal barrier to prevent movement of insecticide and fertilizer. Plots were drill planted (7.5 inches between rows) on 15 Apr at 80 lb seed/acre. Soil type was Nada. Plots were fertilized at planting with 45 lb nitrogen/acre, 38 lb phosphorus/acre, and 40 lb potassium/acre. Rice emerged through soil on 25 Apr. From emergence of rice through soil to application of the permanent flood on 22 May (27 d after application of the permanent flood), plots were flushed irrigated (24 h temporary flood then drain) as needed. On 24 Apr, plots were sprayed with Wham EZ at 1 qt/acre, Bolero 8 EC at 2 pt/acre, and Facet 75 DF at 0.25 lb/acre. On 16 May, plots were sprayed with Wham EZ at 3 qt/acre. Facet 75 DF at 0.25 lb/acre, and Londax at 0.05 lb/acre. On 21 May, plots were fertilized with urea at 60 lb nitrogen/acre. On 24 May (2 d application of the permanent flood), selected plots were sprayed with Dimilin 2 L at the rates shown in the table. On 2 Jun (lid after application of the permanent flood), selected plots were sprayed with Dimilin 2 L at the rates shown in the table. Sprays were applied with a 4 nozzle (tip size 800067, 50 mesh screens), hand-held spray rig pressurized with CO2. Final spray volume was 16.0 gpa. On 5 Jun (14 d after application of the permanent flood), selected plots were treated with Furadan 3 G at 20 lb/acre using a hand-held shaker jar. On 13 Jun, plots were sprayed with Londax at 0.05 lb/acre. On 25 Jun, plots were fertilized with urea at 50 lb nitrogen/acre; thus, total nitrogen applied during the entire growing season was 155 lb/acre. On each of 12 Jun and 25 Jun (21 and 34 d, respectively, after application of the permanent flood), five 4-inch diam X 4 inch deep soil cores (each containing at least 1 rice plant) were removed from each plot. Rice plants in cores were washed and immature RWW recovered from the roots. On 12 Jul, plots were sprayed with Sevin XLR Plus at 1 qt/acre to control rice stink bug. The middle 8 rows of each plot were harvested on 26 Aug (123 d from emergence of rice through soil). Yields were adjusted to 12% moisture. Insect counts were transformed using x + 0.5 and all data analyzed by 2-way ANOVA and DMRT.
Journal Article Resistance to Stem Borers (Lepidoptera: Crambidae) Among Texas Rice Cultivars Get access M. O. Way, M. O. Way 1 2 1Texas A&M University Agricultural Research and Extension Center, Beaumont, TX 77713. Search for other works by this author on: Oxford Academic PubMed Google Scholar F.P.F. Reay-Jones, F.P.F. Reay-Jones 1 1Texas A&M University Agricultural Research and Extension Center, Beaumont, TX 77713. Search for other works by this author on: Oxford Academic PubMed Google Scholar T. E. Reagan T. E. Reagan 3 3Department of Entomology, Louisiana Agricultural Experiment Station, Louisiana State University Agricultural Center, Baton Rouge, LA 70803. Search for other works by this author on: Oxford Academic PubMed Google Scholar Journal of Economic Entomology, Volume 99, Issue 5, 1 October 2006, Pages 1867–1876, https://doi.org/10.1093/jee/99.5.1867 Published: 01 October 2006 Article history Received: 01 February 2006 Accepted: 26 June 2006 Published: 01 October 2006
Abstract The experiment was conducted at the TAMU Agricultural Research and Extension Center at Beaumont and was designed as a RCB with 6 treatments and 4 replications. Each plot was 15 ft X 8 ft and surrounded by a metal barrier to prevent movement of insecticide and fertilizer. On 19 Apr, plots were fertilized with urea at 113 lb nitrogen/acre and treated with Ordram 15 G at 27 lb/acre. Fertilizer and herbicide were applied by hand and incorporated into dry League soil with a rake. Immediately after incorporation, plots were flooded. On 21 Apr, plots were hand-planted with sprouted seed at 120 lb dry seed/acre. Sprouted seed was prepared by soaking untreated seed for 24 h in water and then draining and drying for 24 h. On 25 Apr, plots were drained and 4 d later plots were reflooded. On 1 May, rice emerged through water. (On 5 May (4 d after emergence of rice through water), selected plots were sprayed with Karate at the rates shown in the table. At this time, adult RWW feeding scars were observed on rice foliage; indicating the presence of active adults in the plots. On 10 May (9 d after emergence of rice through water), selected plots were treated with Furadan 3 G at 20 lb/acre using a hand-held shaker jar. On 19 May (18 d after emergence of rice through water), selected plots were treated a second time with Karate at the rates shown in the table. Karate was applied with a 4 nozzle (tip size 800067, 50 mesh screens), hand-held spray rig pressurized with CO2 to deliver 16 gpa. Final spray volume was 16.0 gp. On 22 May, 6 Jun, and 10 Jul, plots were fertilized by hand with urea at 30 lb nitrogen/acre; thus, total nitrogen applied during the growing season was 203 lb/acre. On each of 27 May and 9 Jun (26 and 39 d after emergence of rice through water), five 4 inch diam X 4 inch deep soil cores (each containing at least 1 rice plant) were removed from each plot, washed, and inspected for immature RWW. At maturity, plots were harvested (16 Aug = 107 d after rice emergence through water) with a small plot combine. Yields were adjusted to 12% moisture. Insect counts were transformed using x + 0.5 and all data analyzed by 2-way ANOVA and DMRT.
Abstract Experiments were conducted in the field and greenhouse at the Texas A&M University Agricultural Research and Extension Center at Beaumont. A basin (120 × 80 ft) with Beaumont clay soil was disced and rototilled in the early spring. On 21 Apr the basin was fertilized with urea at 68 lb nitrogen/acre and drill planted at 100 lb seed/ acre. Distance between rows was 7 inches. The basin was then flooded on the same date and drained 22 Apr. Another flush irrigation was applied 25 Apr and drained the same d. Thiobencarb was applied on 26 Apr at 4 lbs (AI)/acre before rice emergence which occurred 29 Apr. On 23 May propanil at 3 lbs (AI)/acre and bentazon at 0.5 lbs (AI)/acre were applied followed by an application of urea at 51 lbs nitrogen/acre on 26 May. Sixteen plots (each 13 × 6 ft) were arranged in a randomized complete block (4 treatments and 4 replications) within the basin. A metal barrier was placed around each plot to prevent treatment contamination among plots. As soon as the barriers were in place a permanent flood (4 inches deep) was applied to the basin on 26 May. The basin was flush irrigated when needed between rice emergence and the permanent flood. On 7 Jun (12 d after the onset of the permanent flood) Furaden 3 GF was applied, using a hand-held shaker, at 0.6 lbs (AI)/acre to selected plots. On 8 Jun the basin was drained and nematode #25 (Steinernema carpocapsae) was applied 9 Jun to selected plots at 250/inch2 using a 4-nozzle hand held sprayer (R&D Sprayers, Inc. Model AS) equipped with 800067 tips and 100 mesh screens. Finished spray vol was 66 gal/acre. Spray was propelled with CO2 at 22 psi. Application was made at dusk when conditions were calm and the boom was kept below the top of the metal barrier. Thus, drift and exposure to UV radiation were minimal at time of application. The basin was reflooded 12 Jun. Soil remained moist during the drain period. On 3 Jul 5 soil cores (4 inch diam × inches deep); each containing about 1 plant, were removed from each plot. Plants were washed in a 40-mesh screen bucket and RWW larvae and pupae were recovered and counted. In a greenhouse experiment, Beaumont clay soil, obtained from a fallow rice research basin, was sifted through an 8 mesh screen (8 squares/inch). Thirty-six paper cups (4.25 inch diam × 5.25 inch tall) were filled with the sifted soil to 1 inch from the top. The soil in each cup was fertilized with urea at 68 lbs nitrogen/acre. Each cup was planted with 6 seeds and flush irrigated from planting until plants were about 8 inches tall at which time rice was thinned to 1 healthy plant/cup. Weeds were removed by hand. Cups were arranged in a randomized complete block (6 treatments with 6 replications) after placement in a large metal pan which was filled with water to about 1 inch from the top of the cups. Cups were filled with water so that plants were exposed to about a 2 inch flood. On 21 Aug RWW adults were collected from late planted rice at the Texas A&M University Agricultural Research and Extension Center at Beaumont. Cylindrical transparent cages made of polyactetate were placed over selected plants which were in the 3-leaf stage and about 12 inches tall. Three female and 1 male RWW were placed in each cage on 21 Aug. The tops of the cages were covered with polyester netting to prevent escape of the insects. On 24 Aug (3 d after infesting plants) cages were removed and adult RWW were found and destroyed. On 20 Sep designated cups were drained and nematode #25 (Steinernema carpocapsae) was applied to designated flooded and drained cups at the rate of 250/inch2. Thus, nematodes were applied to flood water and moist soil containing plants infested and not infested with the RWW. Treatments were applied by pipette after proper dilution of a stock suspension of nematodes was prepared. Each treated cup received 7.7 ml of the proper dilution of nematode suspension. All drained cups were reflooded 22 Sep. On 27 Sep RWW infested plants from cups treated with nematodes were washed in a screen bucket and RWW larvae and pupae were recovered and counted. The soil from remaining cups (treated with nematodes but not infested with WW) was sent to BIOSYS for nematode bioassay. Data for field and greenhouse experiments were transformed using Vx + 0.5 and analyzed by ANOVA and where appropriate means separated by DMRT.
Abstract The experiment was conducted at the TAMU Agricultural Research and Extension Center at Beaumont. The experiment was designed as a RCB with 10 treatments and 4 replications. Each plot was 15 ft X 8 ft and surrounded by a metal barrier to prevent movement of insecticides. On 8 Apr, plots were fertilized by hand with urea at 68 lb nitrogen/acre. On the same day, plots were dry-seeded by hand with fipronil-treated or untreated seed at 90 lb/acre. Fipronil-treated seed was provided by Rhone-Poulenc Ag Company. Pre-plant incorporated treatments were applied on 8 Apr with a 4 nozzle (tip size 800067, 50 mesh screens), hand-held, spray rig pressurized with CO2. Final spray volume was 29.7 gpa. After spray applications, fertilizer, seed, and spray treatments were incorporated into dry soil (League) with a rake. Immediately after incorporating, plots were flush irrigated (temporarily flood for 24 h then drain). Rice emerged through the soil on 18 Apr. From emergence to application of the permanent flood on 10 May (22 d after rice emergence through soil), rice was flush irrigated as needed. On 30 Apr, plots were treated with Stam 4E and Basagran at 4.0 lb and 1.0 lb (AI)/acre, respectively. On 9 May, plots were treated again with Stam 4E and Basagran at 2.0 lb and 1.0 lb (AI)/acre, respectively. On 10 May (immediately before application of the permanent flood), plots were fertilized with urea at 51 lb nitrogen/acre. Furadan 3G was applied with a hand-held shaker jar 14 d after application of the permanent flood. On 4 Jun (approximately panicle differentiation), urea was applied by hand at 51 lb nitrogen/acre; thus, total nitrogen applied to rice was 170 lb/acre. On each of 6 and 25 Jun (27 and 46 d after application of the permanent flood) five 4 inch diameter by 4 inch deep soil cores (each core containing at least 1 rice plant) were removed from each plot, washed, and inspected for immature RWW. At maturity (5 Aug) plots were harvested with a small plot combine and yields adjusted to 12% moisture. Insect counts were transformed using (x + 0.05) and all data analyzed by 2-way ANOVA and DMRT.
Red-winged blackbirds (Agelaius phoeniceus) and related species cause millions of dollars of damage annually to sprouting rice in Louisiana and Texas. Seed treatments that deter birds offer an approach to managing this problem, so we evaluated a formulation (ReJeX-iT AG-36) of methyl anthranilate (MA) in aviary and field tests to assess its potential as an avian feeding deterrent for rice seed. In a feeding trial with an untreated commercial ration as the alternative food, MA suppressed (P < 0.05) rice consumption at 2.5% (g/g) but not at lower rates. With untreated rice as the alternative food, however, repellency occurred at 1.0% MA (P < 0.05). Controlled field trials showed that seed loss from plots having a 1.7% MA treatment averaged 27 and 34% compared with control plot losses of 52 and 73%. We conclude that MA has potential in the management of blackbird damage to rice, particularly if MA residues on rice seed can be prolonged
Abstract Gut bacteria play important roles in the biology of insects. In this study, gut bacterial communities were investigated in the rice water weevil, Lissorhoptrus oryzophilus Kuschel (Coleoptera: Curculionidae), which is a serious pest in rice growing-areas of the United States and some Asian countries. Overwintered female adults were collected from rice plants in five geographic locations: Beaumont, TX; Colt, AR; and Biggs, CA; in the United States, and Tanghai of Hebei and Yueqing of Zhejiang in China. Using polymerase chain reaction, bacterial 16S rRNA clone libraries were constructed. From the libraries, we identified 19 bacterial phylotypes (operational taxonomic units, OTUs). Of them, only 3–5 OTUs were identified in each population, except in the Beaumont weevils, which had 10 OTUs. The OTUs were affiliated with the bacteria in six classes of four phyla: α-, β-, γ-proteobacteria, Bacilli, Sphingobacteria, and Actinobacteria, with the γ-proteobacteria being the richest. Bacteria of the genera Pantoea and Wolbachia were detected in all weevil populations examined. There were also some bacteria that were specifically detected in certain locations but had a high relative abundance, such as the ones matched to Enterobacter oryzae, Lactococcus lactis, and Rickettsia felis. Geographic variations were found among bacterial communities in their richness, diversity, and evenness. This was the first study depicting a detailed profile of bacterial communities in L. oryzophilus, and the results provide important information for future studies on the bacterial functions, mutual interactions, and use for developing a biocontrol technique against this weevil.
Abstract The experiment was conducted at the Texas A&M University Agricultural Research and Extension Center, Beaumont. The experimental design was a randomized complete block with 4 treatments and 4 replications. Soil type was a Midland silty clay loam. Plot size was 60 ft × 6 rows (32-inch row spacing) with 2 buffer rows on either side of each plot. Plots were planted 22 May at about 10 seed/ft and treated with 2 pt Dual and % pt Scepter/acre in a finished spray volume of 20 gal/ acre. Seedlings emerged 26 May. Treatments as described in the tables were applied to the middle 2 rows of each designated plot on 5 Sep when soybeans were R5 and Lepidoptera defoliator populations were beginning to increase. Applications were made with a 4-nozzle hand-held boom sprayer equipped with 800067 tips and 50 mesh screens in a final spray volume of 20.8 gal/acre. The propellant was CO2 at 22 psi. Applications were made during calm conditions. Only 0.05 inches of rain fell within 1 wk after application. From application to the last sampling date (5 Sep-16 Oct), 2.27 inches of rain was recorded. Eight days before and 6, 12, 20, 28, 34, and 41 days after application, 9 ft of row in each plot were sampled with a vertical beat sheet. Samples were placed in plastic bags and refrigerated. At a later date, samples were inspected for arthropods. At maturity, the middle 2 rows of each plot were harvested with a small plot combine. Yields were adjusted to 13% moisture. Insect data were transformed using Vx + 0.5 and all data were analyzed using ANOVA and DMRT where appropriate.
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