Background MUC5AC, a major secreted mucin, is increased in chronic inflammatory airway disease. Spleen tyrosine kinase (SYK) is a mediator, which acts as an important regulator of intracellular signal transduction in the inflammatory response. SYK was originally identified in hematopoietic cells, and its expression in some nonhematopoietic cells, including respiratory epithelial cells, was recently demonstrated. However, the effects of SYK on mucin secretion in human airway epithelial cells have not been studied. The objective of this study was to investigate the effect and brief signaling pathways of SYK on MUC5AC expression in human airway epithelial cells. Methods In mucin-producing human NCI-H292 cells and primary cultures of human nasal epithelial cells, the effects and signaling pathways of SYK on MUC5AC expression were investigated by reverse transcriptase–polymerase chain reaction, real-time polymerase chain reaction, enzyme immunoassay, and immunoblot analysis with several specific inhibitors and small interfering RNA (siRNA). Results SYK induced MUC5AC expression. SYK activated significant phosphorylation of extracellular signal-related kinase (ERK)1/2 and p38 mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) signaling pathways. SYK-induced MUC5AC expression was significantly attenuated by pretreatment with U0126 (ERK1/2 MAPK inhibitor) and SB203580 (p38 MAPK inhibitor). In addition, the knockdown of ERK2 and p38 MAPK by ERK2 and p38 MAPK siRNA significantly blocked SYK-induced MUC5AC expression. Conclusion These results indicated that SYK increased MUC5AC expression via ERK2 and p38 MAPK signaling pathways in human airway epithelial cells.
st torsion mode resonant response of IBR-2 generated by the wakes from the upstream stators is quantified non-intrusively utilizing an Agilis NSMS for six vane clocking configurations at the design and high loading conditions. The forcing function to IBR-2 consists of the Stator1 wakes and the potential fields from Stators-1 and Stator-2, and their aerodynamic interactions. Thus, the IBR-2 resonant response experiments involve classic vane clocking, with the IGV, Stator-1 and Stator-2 each having identical vane counts. I. Introduction IGH Cycle Fatigue (HCF) and resonant response of turbomachine blading resulting from flow-induced vibrations continues to be a significant problem throughout the gas turbine industry. Design resonant response analyses consider a tuned blade row, i.e. a rotor with all blades having the same structural properties and thus, identical natural frequencies. In fact, there are small blade-to-blade structural property variations, termed mistuning, which are known to lead to significant increases in blade resonant response amplitude as compared to that of the tuned blade row, with mistuning often cited as an HCF source. Turbomachinery rotors have typically been bladed-disks, with individual blades inserted into a slotted disk and retained by means of a dove-tail or fir-tree attachment. Advances in manufacturing techniques have resulted in bladed-disks with increased uniformity, i.e. small mistuning. Unfortunately, smaller mistuning does not translate into lower amplitude blade vibrations. In addition, new manufacturing techniques have enabled integrally bladed rotors (IBRs) wherein the blades and disk are machined from a single piece of material. However, as compared to bladed-disks, IBRs have both much smaller mistuning and mechanical damping. As compared to bladed-disks, IBRs exacerbate the potential for large amplitude resonant response and HCF because of reduced mechanical damping and mistuning. The implementation of IBRs into engine designs also affects the development of acceptable rotors. When bladed-disks are found to have unacceptably high vibration amplitudes and vibratory stress during development or in the field, a traditional approach is to incorporate friction dampers. However, resonant response problems in IBRs may not be able to be solved with friction dampers because they cannot be easily implemented. Hence, new solutions are required to address IBR resonant response problems. In this regard, vane clocking is a potential technique for the control of the resonant response of embedded rotors. A particular embedded rotor is subjected to the periodic passing of the wakes from the upstream airfoil row and the potential disturbances from both the upstream and the downstream airfoils rows, i.e. an embedded rotor is subjected to three forcing functions, Figure 1. With airfoil rows having similar vane counts, the stationary vane rows can be indexed relative to one another to affect the airfoil row unsteady aerodynamic interactions. This circumferential indexing of vanes in adjacent rows with similar vane counts is termed vane clocking. Experimental research has shown that vane clocking can be an effective tool to increase turbine performance 1-4 , increase compressor
To the Editor.
The new 1997 guidelines for the management of group B streptococcal (GBS) infections in newborns have been recently published.1,2 The major change we wish to address is the use of intrapartum chemoprophylaxis in GBS carriers identified by anogenital cultures.
The 1992 guidelines recommended intrapartum chemoprophylaxis only if risk factors were present (preterm rupture, preterm labor, fever during labor, multiple births, and rupture of membranes >18 hours).3 The current recommendation is to offer intrapartum chemoprophylaxis to all GBS carriers regardless of risk factors. We agree and offer our ongoing experience with this new strategy.
Our institution experienced an outbreak of invasive neonatal GBS …
We provide a probabilistic seismic hazard assessment for the Evansville, Indiana region incorporating information from new surficial geologic mapping efforts on the part of the U.S. Geological Survey (USGS) and the Kentucky and Indiana State Geological Surveys, as well as information on the thickness and properties of near surface soils and their associated uncertainties. The subsurface information has been compiled to determine bedrock elevation and reference depth-dependent shear-wave velocity models for the different soil types. The probabilistic seismic hazard calculation applied here follows the method used for the 2008 U.S. Geological Survey National Seismic Hazard Maps, with modifications to incorporate estimates of local site conditions and their uncertainties, in a completely probabilistic manner. The resulting analysis shows strong local variations of acceleration with 2 percent probability of exceedance in 50 years, particularly for 0.2-second (s) period spectral acceleration (SA), that are clearly correlated with variations in the thickness of unconsolidated soils above bedrock. These values are much greater than the USGS national seismic hazard map values, which assume B/C site conditions. When compared to the national maps with an assumed uniform site D class amplification factor applied, the high-resolution seismic hazard maps have higher amplitudes for peak ground acceleration and 0.2-s SA for most of the map region. However, deamplification relative to the D class national seismic hazard maps appears to play an important role within the limits of the ancient bedrock valley underlying Evansville where soils are thickest. For 1.0-s SA, the new high-resolution seismic hazard maps show levels consistent with D class site response within the limits of this ancient bedrock valley, but levels consistent with B/C site conditions outside.
Received September 4, 2013 Revised October 30, 2013 Accepted October 31, 2013 Address for correspondence Chang Hoon Bae, MD, PhD Department of OtorhinolaryngologyHead and Neck Surgery, College of Medicine, Yeungnam University, 170 Hyeonchung-ro, Nam-gu, Daegu 705-703, Korea Tel +82-53-620-3784 Fax +82-53-628-7884 E-mail baich@med.yu.ac.kr Background and ObjectivesZZTinnitus is a disease with high prevalence and a wide range of etiologies. Tinnitus has a lot of impact on the patients, causing psychological distress such as anxiety and depression. Type D personality is related to the negative emotions including to anxiety and depression. Therefore, the goal of this study was to understand the relationship between tinnitus and anxiety/depression/type D personality. Subjects and MethodZZNinety three patients with chronic subjective tinnitus, who visited the Department of Otorhinolaryngology-Head Neck Surgery in Yeungnam University Hospital from May, 2012 to October, 2012. The tinnitus patients were asked to complete a survey: regarding demographic data, otologic history, Beck Depression Inventory (BDI), Hamilton anxiety scale (HAM-A), type D personality scale 14 (DS-14), and tinnitus handicap inventory (THI). ResultsZZThe tinnitus patients had significantly higher levels of type D personality (58.1%). In the tinnitus patients, as the score of THI increased, the BDI and HAM-A scores increased. As the DS-14 score increased, the THI scores increased. ConclusionZZThese results suggest that the tinnitus patients have high prevalence of type D personality compared to that shown in the general population. And the handicap of tinnitus is related to anxiety, depression and type D personality. Korean J Otorhinolaryngol-Head Neck Surg 2014;57:22-6
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