This study generalized and systemized the unit-project items of 176 project districts for the rural village comprehensive development projects (RVCDP). This paper surveyed opinions of III answerers (7 specialists, 43 agents of Korea Rural Community corporation, and 61 agents of local government of cities and counties) in order to determine the classification system and their corresponding weighting values of the project items using analytic hierarchy process (AHP) method. From the results extracted by project plans of 176 project districts for 5 years from 2004 to 2008, this study decided a hierarchical system for unit-project items of RVCDP by AHP method, which consisted of three steps: 4 items for 1st step, 13 items for 2nd step, and 52 items for 3rd step. The first step contains 4 items of Strength of Rural-urban Exchange & Regional Capability (RURC), Green-income Infrastructure & Facility (GIF), Culture-health-welfare Facility, and Eco-environment & Landscape facility (ELF). In the survey of weighting values with AHP method, the analysis result for the first step showed that in opinion of specialists, GIF is more important than the others while in opinion of the other agents, RURC is more important. In the second step, Product Facility is more important in the specialists, whereas Strength of Resident Capability is the most important in the other agents. Analyzed unit project items as the third step, all answerers evaluated that the Education and Excursion for Rural Resident Capability has the highest weighting values.
In order to investigate industrial fatigue due to visual display terminal (VDT) work of banking operations the questionnaire survey for subjective symptoms of fatigue was carried out on 470 bank clerks who had been engaged in VDT work for various length of work hours. The questionnaires comprised three groups of 10 items each, representing dullness and sleepiness (level of cerebral activation), difficulty in concentration (level of motivation) and bodily projection of fatigue. The results were as follows : 1. Of the 30 items of questionnaires, the highest percentage was accounted for by 'eye strain' (51.5% ), followed by 'feel stiffness in the neck or the shoulders'(33.4%), 'feel a pain in the low back'(26.8%), 'whole body feels tired'(19.6%) and 'feel headache'(17.9%) in the order of sequence. 2. The average weighted score for the first group of questionnaire items (dullness and sleepiness) was the largest among three groups and was followed by 'the third cup (bodily projection of fatigue) and the second item group (difficulty in concentration) in the order of sequence, suggesting the heavier mental stress of VDT work in banking operations rather than physical burden. 3. In terms of the age and sex of workers, work duration and VDT work percentage, the difference in average weighted score was noted only between sex, the score of female being larger than that of male. 4. The complaint rates of subjective symptoms showed close associations with the subjective optimums of room temperature, ventilation, illumination and noise level. 5. The significant correlation was showed between age, work duration and item of 'whole body feels tired', between VDT work percentage and items of 'eye strain' and 'feel stiffness in the neck or shoulders' and between all items of subjective symptoms.
Objectives: Pulse wave velocity (PWV) is a known indicator of arterial stiffness reflecting vascular damage. However, there are few reports of the relationship between PWV and dizziness/vertigo of a vascular origin. We investigated whether the PWV value could be useful as an ancillary measurement for identifying the etiology of dizziness/vertigo.Methods: We enrolled dizzy patients from March 2016 to December 2018. The patients with posterior circulation stroke presenting with dizziness/vertigo were categorized as having central vertigo. The patients with vertigo due to benign paroxysmal positional vertigo, Ménière disease, or acute unilateral vestibulopathy were categorized as having peripheral vertigo. The PWV value, ankle-brachial index (ABI), and traditional vascular risk factors were collected.Results: We consecutively enrolled a total of 93 participants. The PWV values were higher in the central vertigo group (p<0.001), but ABI did not differ between the groups. Among the vascular risk factors, the number of patients with diabetes mellitus, dyslipidemia, and male patients was significantly higher in the central vertigo group. The brachial-ankle PWV (baPWV) values were higher in the central vertigo group, even after adjusting for confounding factors (p<0.01). The receiver operating characteristic curve showed that the sensitivity was 74% and specificity was 81% when the mean baPWV value was 14.78 m/sec.Conclusions: Increased baPWV values were observed in patients with dizziness/vertigo due to stroke. Measurement of the baPWV value could be an ancillary test for evaluating the cause of dizziness/vertigo, even though more convincing evidence is still required.
This paper aims to provide a constraint-based analysis of relative clause extraposition (hereafter RCE) with the help of 597 tokens from BYU-BNC and COCA. In corpus findings, indefiniteness of subject NP and passive voice are salient. The grammatical weight of relative clause is the heaviest, thus being a very likely trigger for the extraposition. Discourse-New-Old-RCE is the most frequent type, implying that discourse-old information tends to be delivered in extraposed clause. As well, the extraposition is assumed to be employed in order to maximize focus effect on main predicate. All these corpus findings are well described in the system of sign-based construction grammar which enables multiple constraints to be inherited into RCE construction through inheritance hierarchy. Head-Extra Construction leads nonlocal EXTRA feature to be percolated up to sentential node. Consequently, the extraposition comes in with the help of constraints from stative-v, decl-cl, re-cl, and hd-noun-extra-cx.
This study presents a proposal of disaster management criteria of seismic accelerometers installed on primary structural elements of cable-supported bridges. Extreme value distributions of accelerations are estimated with respect to 1 month of a reference time period based on a statistical estimation method that uses the long-term records of acceleration measured at the target cable-supported bridges. Extreme value distributions of the acceleration with respect to reference time periods of 100 years and 1000 years are extrapolated by applying extreme value theory, and the disaster management criteria are proposed based on the mean values of the estimated extreme value distributions of the acceleration. The validity of the proposed disaster management criteria is verified through comparison with the peak values of recorded accelerations during the Gyeongju and Pohang earthquakes. Keywords: Cable-supported Bridge, Seismic Accelerometers, Disaster Management Criteria, Extreme Value Distributions
A saccade is a rapid conjugate eye movement that brings the target into the fovea. 1 Horizontal saccades are generated from burst neurons in the paramedian pontine reticular formation (PPRF) through brainstem network neurons including long-lead burst neurons and omnipause neurons (OPNs). 1 Clinical disorders including multiple sclerosis, brain tumors, and stroke are known to cause various saccadic impairments.However, in most cases these lesions have not been precisely localized to the PPRF, and they were accompanied by other eye movement abnormalities affecting functions such as smooth pursuit and the vestibuloocular reflex (VOR). 2,3 56-year-old man presented with dizziness and difficulty in looking to the left for 3 days.He did not have hypertension, diabetes mellitus, or other vascular risk factors.A neurological examination revealed impairment of conjugate horizontal saccades to the left in all fields of gaze; that is, saccades from the right gaze to the center as well as from the center to the left were impaired.In addition, he involuntarily blinked whenever attempting a leftward saccade from the right gaze to the center.However, saccades in the contralateral direction and vertical saccades were all spared (Supplementary Video 1 in the online-only Data Supplement).The smooth pursuit and VOR in slow-to-fast head-impulse testing were intact in all directions (Fig. 1), but optokinetic nystagmus (OKN) was poorly evoked by rightward stimulation.Vergence testing was not performed.The visual system was normal, and there was no spontaneous nystagmus.He did not show other neurological impairments such as facial palsy, dysarthria, or motor/sensory dysfunction.Brain MRI revealed a cavernous angioma involving the tegmentum of the left lower pons (Fig. 1).He was referred to the Department of Neurosurgery for gamma-knife surgery, following which his symptoms gradually improved.Lesions in the pontine tegmentum can cause various ocular motor disorders. 1The anatomical proximity allows the simultaneous involvement of nearby structures such as the medial longitudinal fasciculus and abducens nucleus.Therefore, selective horizontal saccadic palsy due to precise PPRF lesions has rarely been reported. 4elective unilateral lesions of the PPRF cause an ipsilateral, conjugate, horizontal saccadic palsy including the fast component of OKN, whereas vergence, vestibular, and pursuit eye movements are typically spared. 5Compared to the PPRF, lesions involving the abducens nucleus typically present with 1) loss of all conjugate eye movements toward the lesion, 2) the possibility of the ipsilateral peripheral type of facial palsy, and 3) relative preservation of ipsilaterally directed saccades in the intact hemifield of gaze.If the lesion is restricted to the abducens nucleus, then saccades from the opposite field of gaze to the midline may be present, but they may be slow due to the inhibition of the antagonists being intact.However, inhibition is also affected if the PPRF is extensively involved, and so that saccades directed toward the lesioned side are either absent or extremely slow.
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