The continuous power increase and miniaturization of modern electronics require increasingly effective thermal management systems. The thermo-hydraulic performance of water-cooled L×L square-base silicon microchannel heat sinks is investigated by a conjugate heat transfer and computational fluid dynamics model over the Reynolds number range 100 to 500. Water at a constant inlet temperature of 298 K runs through 33 parallel tubes, extracting heat from the bottom wall that has a 100 W/cm2 constant heat flux input. Hydro-thermal performance-enhancing tape inserts are numerically tested featuring (i) radial gaps between the tape and the tube, (ii) tape twist with axial pitch distances of ∞, L/2, or L/4, (iii) zero, one, or two 90-degree angular steps between consecutive tape segments, (iv) alternating clockwise and anti-clockwise consecutive twisted tape segments, and combinations of these features. The radial gaps produce both a hydraulic and a thermal performance loss. All combinations of tape twist, angular steps, and twist direction reversal produced better thermal performance gains to hydraulic loss trade-offs than the baseline microchannel configuration with no tape. The microchannel heat sinks with four L/4 alternating pitch consecutive helical tape segments provided the lowest bottom wall average temperature, 16.13 K below that with not tape, at the same Reynolds number of 500. This predicted temperature drop is a significant achievement towards conditioning electronic components so they may be longer-lasting, use less energy, and have a reduced environmental impact.
Medium and long-duration energy storage systems are expected to play a critical role in the transition towards electrical grids powered by renewable energy sources. ACAES is a promising solution, capable of handling power and energy ratings over hundreds of MW and MWh, respectively. One challenge with ACAES is achieving the required highly efficient operation in the compressor over the range of conditions encountered in the system as the pressure in the air store changes. In this paper, we design an application-oriented axial-flow compressor, aiming towards efficient operation throughout the operation range, whilst also associating the performance prediction to a practical compressor geometry. We implement a two-step design methodology based on inviscid, axisymmetric flow conditions which leads us to the flowtrack, blade-row geometries and the compressor performance map. The compressor model is integrated into an ACAES model, including two compression stages, two expansion stages with preheat, and two separate Thermal Energy Storage units. While the existing literature mostly ignores the transient off-design operation, or tends to use generic numerical correlations which are not associated to a particular geometry or arrangement, the key novelty of this paper is in the application of detailed design method for turbomachinery to ACAES. The results indicate that the designed compressor is able to operate efficiently over the pressure range, showing that if the application-oriented design procedure is applied to the compressor, it does not stop ACAES reaching 70\% round-trip efficiency. Additionally, the specific ACAES requirement of conserving heat at higher temperatures has been fulfilled by decreasing the number of intercoolers. Finally, it is recommended that a similar scrutiny is applied to the other components (i.e. expanders, heat exchangers and TES units), keeping in mind the unique set of operational requirements of ACAES. This work is an important step towards removing the common misconception that "off-the-shelf" components can be easily be used in typical ACAES designs.