B.G. Blaylock

Oak Ridge National Laboratory

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Co-Authors

M.L. Frank

University of Copenhagen

F.O. Hoffman

Oak Ridge National Laboratory

L.A. Hook

Oak Ridge National Laboratory

Glenn W. Suter

Ohio Environmental Protection Agency

J.P. Witherspoon

San Diego State University

J.R. Trabalka

Oak Ridge National Laboratory

J.L. Skiles

Oak Ridge National Laboratory

John J. Beauchamp

Oak Ridge National Laboratory

Kathleen M. Thiessen

Oak Ridge National Laboratory

John W. Huckabee

University of Florida

Cooperative Institutions

Oak Ridge National Laboratory

University of Tennessee at Knoxville

United States Department of Energy

Martin Marietta Materials (United States)

Office of Scientific and Technical Information

United States Department of Commerce

Oak Ridge Associated Universities

National Technical Information Service

Environmental Protection Agency

University of Georgia

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Determining the Collection Efficiency of Gummed Paper For the Deposition of Radioactive Contaminants in Simulated Rain

Health Physics (1992)

F. Owen Hoffman Kathleen M. Thiessen Marilyn L. Frank B.G. Blaylock

An extensive network of gummed paper collectors was used during the 1950s for routine monitoring of radioactive fallout from weapons testing. The experiments reported in this paper were designed to examine the collection efficiency of gummed paper for wet deposition of several types of soluble and insoluble radioactive contaminants under conditions similar to those found during natural rainstorms. The collection efficiencies for each substance were determined over a range of rainfall amounts and at two separate rainfall intensities. The collection efficiency of the gummed paper is highest for large insoluble particles and lowest for soluble ionic substances. The values for Be and 131I ranged from about 0.30 (30%) at 2.5 mm of rain to 0.04–0.06 (4%–6%) at 20 mm of rain. These values were negatively correlated with the amount of rain and were unaffected by rain intensity. This suggests that the collection efficiency of either ion is simply a matter of rapid saturation and runoff. Neither rain amount nor rain intensity has much effect on the collection efficiency of large insoluble particles. These particles seem to settle readily onto the surface of the gummed paper from which they are not easily removed by additional rain. Analysis of the collection efficiencies of the gummed paper included the activity of both the gummed paper and the standing water on the paper. A large portion of the activity for the ionic substances was found in the standing water. There was less activity by insoluble particles in standing water. This indicates that for estimates of deposition of soluble substances, considerable bias could be introduced into the results if the standing water is discarded prior to analysis.

Deposition

Saturation (graph theory)

Acid rain

10.1097/00004032-199205000-00009

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Citations (3)

Radioisotope techniques in delineation of the environmental behavior of cadmium.

PubMed (1976)

R.I. Van Hook B.G. Blaylock E.A. Bondietti C.W. Francis John W. Huckabee

Radioisotope techniques are being developed and utilized at Oak Ridge National Laboratory (ORNL) for evaluating the environmental behavior of toxic elements such as cadmium in aquatic and terrestrial ecosystems. Tracer techniques using 109Cd in microcosm, field plot, and stream systems are providing information on biogeochemical cycling and distribution of cadmium in the environment. Parameters being measured include adsorption capacity for cadmium in mineral soils and sediments; uptake rates of cadmium in various plant species from both soils and nutrient solutions as affected by pH, competing cations, and chemical form of cadmium; and distribution of cadmium in various components of both aquatic and terrestrial ecosystems following application of 109Cd to soil vegetation, or directly to streams. Food chain parameters being estimated with 109Cd include uptake, assimilation, and turnover by both aquatic and terrestrial organisms. Information obtained in these radiotracer studies is providing insight into the behavior of cadmium in aquatic and terrestrial ecosystems, especially transport rates of cadmium and potential biomagnification or dilution in food chains. The factors which influence the incorporation of cadmium into vegetative material as well as those affecting residence time in ecosystems have been identified. Use of 109Cd also has permitted evaluation of a cadmium specific electrode as a tool for rapid assay of free cadmium ions in soil solutions.

Biogeochemical Cycle

Terrestrial ecosystem

Biomagnification

Source

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Citations (6)

The potential use of Chernobyl fallout data to test and evaluate the predictions of environmental radiological assessment models

C.R. Richmond F.O. Hoffman B.G. Blaylock Keith F. Eckerman P.A. Lesslie

The objectives of the Model Validation Committee were to collaborate with US and foreign scientists to collect, manage, and evaluate data for identifying critical research issues and data needs to support an integrated assessment of the Chernobyl nuclear accident; test environmental transport, human dosimetric, and health effects models against measured data to determine their efficacy in guiding decisions on protective actions and in estimating exposures to populations and individuals following a nuclear accident; and apply Chernobyl data to quantifications of key processes governing the environmental transport, fate and effects of radionuclides and other trace substances. 55 refs.

Environmental data

10.2172/6981476

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Citations (7)

THE PRODUCTION OF CHROMOSOME ABERRATION INCHIRONOMUS RIPARIUS(DIPTERA: CHIRONOMIDAE) BY TRITIATED WATER

The Canadian Entomologist (1971)

B.G. Blaylock

Abstract Chironomus riparius was used to determine whether an increased frequency of chromosome aberrations could be detected in the progeny of an aquatic organism reared in tritiated water (HTO). An increased frequency was detected in larvae whose progenitors had developed either in 250 or 500 μCi/ml of HTO (2500 to 5000 times MPC for occupational exposure). The radiosensitivity of C . riparius to acute gamma radiation was determined and compared with the results obtained with tritiated water. The frequency of aberrations produced by incorporated tritium was approximately the same as the frequency produced by an equivalent dose of chronic gamma irradiation.

Chironomus riparius

Tritiated water

Radiosensitivity

Polyploid

10.4039/ent103448-3

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Citations (11)

Environmental Contamination and Assessment of Doses from Radiation Releases in the Southern Urals

Health Physics (1998)

И. И. Крышев Г. Н. Романов Т. Г. Сазыкина L.N. Isaeva J.R. Trabalka

The Southern Urals in Russia was contaminated by radioactive discharges into the Techa River (1949–1956), the Kyshtym accident (1957), and the current releases and discharges from the Mayak Nuclear Materials Production Complex. In this paper, the consequences of radioactive contamination of the Ural region are analyzed. The current content of 90Sr in the components of food chains is as follows (Bq kg−1 wet weight): potatoes, 0.2–6.7; grain, 0.5–12.6; milk, 0.2–6.3; beef, 0.2–1.7; lake water, 0.12–1.0; river water, 0.2–8.5; fish, 7480; mushrooms, 400–1,100; and berries, 700–16,000. The content of 137Cs is as follows: potatoes, 0.5–3.8; grain, 0.3–2.91. milk, 0.2–4.5; beef, 0.3–2.6; lake and river water, 0.002–0.019; fish, 2–32; mushrooms, 110–1,600; and berries, 150. A major fraction of the dose to humans comes from the consumption of local food products, including natural ones, which have higher contamination levels than agricultural products. The average annual dose rates in contaminated areas are (0.5–4) × 10–4 SV y−1, which is lower by a factor of 102_104 than in the periods of “acute” exposure (1950–1951 and 1957–1958). Natural organisms received very high doses up to 200–800 Gy resulting from radioactive discharges into the Techa River and the radiation accident in 1957. In all cases, including the “acute” exposure followed by the chronic irradiation, the doses to biota were by a factor of 10_103 higher than those to humans.

radioactive contamination

10.1097/00004032-199806000-00006

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Citations (31)

Quantification of the interception and initial retention of radioactive contaminants deposited on pasture grass by simulated rain

Atmospheric Environment Part A General Topics (1992)

F.O. Hoffman Kathleen M. Thiessen Marilyn L. Frank B.G. Blaylock

Interception

Washout

Fraction (chemistry)

10.1016/0960-1686(92)90348-o

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Citations (44)

Microcosm studies on the transfer of Hg, Cd and Se from terrestrial to aquatic ecosystems

Trace Subst. Environ. Health; (United States) (1974)

John W. Huckabee B.G. Blaylock

Microcosm experiments with trace elements including heavy metals provide information on transfer rates between compartments of the model ecosystem and identify target organisms and sinks. Studies at Oak Ridge National Laboratory on the behavior of Hg, Cd and Se in microcosms were performed with excised stream bank sections, stream sediments and biota. Sections of stream bank were placed in one end of the microcosm tanks and stream sediments and approx. 60 1 of spring water in the other half. Fish (Gambusia affinis) and snails (Goniobasis clavaeformis) were placed in the aquatic portion. A radioactive isotope of the element under consideration was applied to the terrestrial portion via simulated rainfall. The terrestrial and aquatic portions of the microcosms were sampled at various intervals after the radioactive tracer was applied. At the termination of the experiments a materials balance was performed on each of the systems. Results from these microcosm studies show that Hg/sup II/ from coal fly ash was leachable and thus available to biota. About 50% of the total /sup 203/Hg reached the aquatic system and > 99% of this was in the sediments. Fish accumulated more /sup 203/Hg than did snails. Ninety-four to 96% of the /sup 115m/Cd appliedmore » was retained in the terrestrial portion of the system, and in the aquatic portion fish accumulated less Cd than did snails. Similar to Cd, 75% of the total Se added was retained in the soil. Nine percent of the initial input was found in the sediments and fish accumulated about 10 times less /sup 75/Se than did snails. 6 references, 3 tables.« less

Microcosm

Biota

Terrestrial ecosystem

Source

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Citations (3)

Transfer of Mercury and Cadmium from Terrestrial to Aquatic Ecosystems

Advances in experimental medicine and biology (1973)

John W. Huckabee B.G. Blaylock

Mercury

10.1007/978-1-4684-3240-4_7

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Citations (26)

Screening of contaminants in Waste Area Grouping 2 at Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Oak Ridge, Tennessee

B.G. Blaylock M.L. Frank F.O. Hoffman L.A. Hook Glenn W. Suter

Waste Area Grouping 2 (WAG 2) of the Oak Ridge National Laboratory (ORNL) is located in the White Oak Creek Watershed and is composed of White Oak Creek Embayment, White Oak Lake and associated floodplain, and portions of White Oak Creek (WOC) and Melton Branch downstream of ORNL facilities. Contaminants leaving other ORNL WAGs in the WOC watershed pass through WAG 2 before entering the Clinch River. Health and ecological risk screening analyses were conducted on contaminants in WAG 2 to determine which contaminants were of concern and would require immediate consideration for remedial action and which contaminants could be assigned a low priority or further study. For screening purposes, WAG 2 was divided into four geographic reaches: Reach 1, a portion of WOC; Reach 2, Melton Branch; Reach 3, White Oak Lake and the floodplain area to the weirs on WOC and Melton Branch; and Reach 4, the White Oak Creek Embayment, for which an independent screening analysis has been completed. Screening analyses were conducted using data bases compiled from existing data on carcinogenic and noncarcinogenic contaminants, which included organics, inorganics, and radionuclides. Contaminants for which at least one ample had a concentration above the level of detection were placed in a detectable contaminants data base. Those contaminants for which all samples were below the level of detection were placed in a nondetectable contaminants data base.

Remedial action

10.2172/7236451

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Citations (1)

RADIATION-INDUCED HEMOPOIETIC LESIONS IN FISH.

G E Cosgrove B.G. Blaylock Gerald U. Ulrikson Pejman Cohan

Gy were evaluated for multipotent hemopoietic stem cell recovery (using endogenous spleen colony-forming units) and enhanced survival. Results demonstrated that therapeutic G-CSF (1) accelerates hemopoietic regeneration after radiation-induced myelosuppression, (2) enhances survival after potentially lethal irradiation and (3) is most effective when initiated 1 h following exposure.

10.2172/4656116

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Citations (0)