Stephen F. Hiu

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Butanol-Ethanol Dehydrogenase and Butanol-Ethanol-Isopropanol Dehydrogenase: Different Alcohol Dehydrogenases in Two Strains of Clostridium beijerinckii (Clostridium butylicum)

Applied and Environmental Microbiology (1987)

Stephen F. Hiu Chang-Xi Zhu Run-Tao Yan Jiann-Shin Chen

Alcohol-producing strains of Clostridium beijerinckii (Clostridium butylicum) produce, besides acetone, either n -butanol and ethanol or n -butanol, ethanol, and isopropanol as their characteristic products. Alcohol dehydrogenase has been isolated from a strain (NRRL B593) of C. beijerinckii producing isopropanol and from a strain (NRRL B592) not producing isopropanol. Butanol-ethanol dehydrogenase activities were present in both strains, but isopropanol dehydrogenase activity was present only in the isopropanol-producing strain. The butanol-ethanol dehydrogenase of strain NRRL B592 had M r 66,000 and a K m of 6 μM for butyraldehyde. In contrast, the butanol-ethanol-isopropanol dehydrogenase of strain NRRL B593 had a M r 100,000 and K m s of 9.5 and 1.0 mM for butyraldehyde and acetone, respectively. In a purification by four different types of separatory methods (DEAE-cellulose, hydroxyapatite, Sephacryl S-300, and Matrex Gel Red A), butanol-ethanol-isopropanol dehydrogenase activities of strain NRRL B593 were purified up to 200-fold (10 to 30% yield), and these activities were not separated. Gel electrophoresis followed by activity stain also revealed distinct mobilities for the butanol-ethanol dehydrogenase of strain NRRL B592 and the butanol-ethanol-isopropanol dehydrogenase of strain NRRL B593. In cell extracts from both strains, a higher alcohol dehydrogenase activity was measured with NADP(H) than with NAD(H). The 150- to 200-fold-purified alcohol dehydrogenase from strain NRRL B593 did not show any NAD(H)-linked activities. The K m for NADPH was 31 μM (with butyraldehyde as cosubstrate) and 18 μM (with acetone as cosubstrate) for the alcohol dehydrogenase of strain NRRL B593. This study showed that the alcohol dehydrogenases from two strains of C. beijerinckii differed significantly.

Clostridium beijerinckii

Alcohol oxidoreductase

Strain (injury)

10.1128/aem.53.4.697-703.1987

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Citations (58)

Acetone-butanol-isopropanol production byClostridium beijerinckii (synonym,Clostridium butylicum)

Biotechnology Letters (1986)

Jiann-Shin Chen Stephen F. Hiu

Clostridium beijerinckii

n-Butanol

10.1007/bf01040869

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Citations (74)

Utilization of astaxanthin from red yeast, Xanthophyllomyces dendrorhous, in rainbow trout, Oncorhynchus mykiss: effects of enzymatic cell wall disruption and feed extrusion temperature

Aquaculture (2004)

Trond Storebakken Mette Sørensen Bjørn Bjerkeng Stephen F. Hiu

Flesh

10.1016/j.aquaculture.2003.10.035

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Citations (59)

Lactobacillus piscicola, a New Species from Salmonid Fish

International Journal of Systematic Bacteriology (1984)

Stephen F. Hiu R.A. Holt Nammalwar Sriranganathan Ramon J. Seidler J. L. Fryer

The name Lactobacillus piscicola sp. nov. is proposed for a group of 17 bacterial strains that were isolated from diseased rainbow trout (Salmo gairdneri), cutthroat trout (Salmo clarki), and chinook salmon (Oncorhynchus tshawytscha). This bacterium was found most frequently in infected fish which had suffered some form of stress, such as that which occurs at spawning. Occasionally, pathological signs in the internal organs or skin were observed. Phenotypically, L. piscicola belongs to the family Lactobacillaceae and can be distinguished from other species of Lactobacillus by its morphology and physiological characteristics. dl-Lactic acid was produced homofermentatively from glucose. Diaminopimelic acid was present in the cell wall peptidoglycan. The 17 isolates were closely related genetically, as demonstrated by similar percent guanine-plus-cytosine contents (35 mol%) and high deoxyribonucleic acid reassociation values, both characteristics of a single species. The isolates exhibited less than 10% deoxyribonucleic acid reassociation with other reference Lactobacillus strains with similar guanine-plus-cytosine contents. Strain B270 (= ATCC 35586), which was isolated in 1970 from diseased cutthroat brood trout at Bandon Hatchery in Oregon, is designated the type strain of this new species of Lactobacillus.

Strain (injury)

Cytosine

10.1099/00207713-34-4-393

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Citations (108)

Characterization of a new Lactobacillus species infectious for salmonid fish

Stephen F. Hiu

Source

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Citations (0)

Stability of astaxanthin from red yeast, Xanthophyllomyces dendrorhous, during feed processing: effects of enzymatic cell wall disruption and extrusion temperature

Aquaculture (2004)

Trond Storebakken Mette Sørensen Bjørn Bjerkeng John Harris Patrick Monahan

Yeast extract

10.1016/j.aquaculture.2003.10.034

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Citations (48)

Isolation and characterization of Edwardsiella tarda from fall chinook salmon (Oncorhynchus tshawytscha)

Applied and Environmental Microbiology (1982)

A. Amandi Stephen F. Hiu J. S. Rohovec J L Fryer

A new bacterial pathogen of chinook salmon (oncorhynchus tshawytscha) was isolated from fish in Oregon's Rogue River. The bacteria are biochemically and serologically related to strains of Edwardsiella tarda. Initially isolated from chinook salmon, the bacteria were also pathogenic for steelhead and rainbow trout (Salmo gairdneri), and channel catfish (Ictalurus punctatus). The 50% lethal doses for chinook salmon, steelhead trout, and channel catfish injected intraperitoneally and maintained in 18 degrees C water were 4.1 x 10(6), 5.6 x 10(6), and 4.0 x 10(5) respectively. When chinook salmon and rainbow trout were injected intraperitoneally and held in 12 degrees C water, the mean lethal doses were 6.4 x 10(7) and 1.7 x 10(6), respectively. The invasiveness of the organism was low in steelhead trout exposed to the bacteria by the waterborne route. The optimum growth temperature of the bacteria in brain heart infusion broth was approximately 35 degrees C. The guanine plus cytosine content of DNA obtained from E. tarda isolated from salmon was 59 mol%.

Chinook wind

Edwardsiella tarda

10.1128/aem.43.6.1380-1384.1982

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Citations (103)