patients followed in an academic liver clinic. RESULTS. The study assessed 1,022 patients with a mean 20.0 (3-60) months of follow-up. The mean age was 45.6 (17-86) years; 29.8% (n=304) were elderly (age ≥ 60 years); 54.0% were males; 35.4% were Asians and 41.3%, Caucasians; 44.9% had chronic hepatitis C (CHC) and 19.0%, chronic hepatitis B (CHB). CHC was more common (77.8% vs. 67.4%), but CHB was less common (22.2% vs. 32.6%) in the elderly group than in the younger group, and the frequency of alcoholic liver diseases (ALD) was comparable in both groups (3.3 vs. 3.3%). Elderly patients had significantly higher incidence of history of hypertension (HTN, 50.0% vs. 23.5%), diabetes mellitus (DM, 28.5% vs. 13.6%), but lower incidence of obesity (22.4% vs. 29.0%). They also carried a significantly higher rate of cirrhosis (i.e., stage 3-4 fibrosis) and/or HD (i.e., presence of ascites and/or hepatic encephalopathy, 62.8% vs. 48.5%), and hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC, 8.3% vs. 1.9%). Laboratorially, elderly patients had significantly higher incidence of thrombocytopenia (28.8% vs. 16.4%), hypoalbuminemia (28.2% vs. 17.0%), and AST/ALT ratio ≥ 1 (57.2% vs. 38.3%). Multivariate analyses indicated that the significantly higher frequency of cirrhosis and/or HD in the elderly group was independently associated with age (p=0.003, OR=1.86) and obesity (p=0.0001, OR=2.11). CONCLUSIONS. In this large cohort of patients, elderly patients carried a higher frequency of CHC, history of DM, HTN, cirrhosis and/or HD, and HCC. Cirrhosis was independently associated with age and obesity.
Current guidelines recommend esophagogastroduodenoscopy (EGD) in patients with cirrhosis to screen for gastroesophageal varices (GEV). Thrombocytopenia has been proposed as a noninvasive test to predict the presence of GEV. There is no agreement regarding a specific platelet count (PLT) that can reliably predict GEV. The present longitudinal study aims to (1) further investigate the relationship between varices and PLT at the time of endoscopy, (2) investigate whether changes in PLT from the baseline over time can predict the development of GEV, and (3) investigate whether changes in PLT correlate with the hepatic venous pressure gradient (HVPG). A secondary analysis was conducted for 213 subjects with compensated cirrhosis with portal hypertension but without GEV enrolled in a randomized, placebo-controlled, double-blind trial of a nonselective beta-blocker used to prevent GEV. PLTs were obtained every 3 months, and HVPG measurements and EGD were done annually. The PLTs were compared between subjects who did and did not develop GEV. In a median follow-up of 54.9 months, 84 patients developed GEV. PLT was greater than 150,000 in 15% of patients at the development of GEV. A receiver operating curve did not show any PLT with high sensitivity or specificity for the presence of GEV. Subjects with clinically insignificant portal hypertension (HVPG < 10 mm Hg) whose PLT remained greater than 100,000 had a 2-fold reduction in the occurrence of GEV ( P = 0.0374). A significant correlation was found between HVPG and PLT at the baseline, year 1, and year 5 ( P < 0.0001). Conclusion: Cross-sectional or longitudinal evaluations of PLTs are inadequate noninvasive markers for GEV. Patients with mild portal hypertension whose PLT remains greater than 100,000 have significantly less risk of GEV. Although HVPG correlates somewhat with PLT, changes in PLT cannot be used as a surrogate for HVPG changes. (Hepatology 2008;47:153–159.)
Acute airway obstruction from mega-esophagus is an extremely rare presentation of achalasia. We present the case of an 82-year-old woman without previously diagnosed achalasia who presented with shortness of breath. Her respiratory status deteriorated rapidly, with development of stridor. Prompt nasogastric tube placement decompressed the dilated esophagus and relieved airway obstruction. This case illustrates an unusual presentation of achalasia and underscores the need for emergent life-saving esophageal decompression. Hypotheses regarding the mechanism of airway compromise as well as treatment options are reviewed.