Im Stadtgebiet von Solingen (Bergisches Land) wurden stillgelegte Acker- und Grünlandflächen unterschiedlicher Brachedauer floristisch-soziologisch und bodenkundlich analysiert. Eine Aushagerung ließ sich bei den untersuchten Acker- und Grünlandbrachen innerhalb der bislang kurzen Stillegungsdauer nicht feststellen. Vielmehr wurden die Nährstoffverhältnisse auf den Brachflächen durch die Vomutzung und die Düngeeinträge aus benachbarten Agrarflächen stark beeinflußt. Eine Korrelation von Vegetationsentwicklung und Nährstoffverhältnissen lag nur bedingt vor. Das Ziel einer Aushagerung der Flächen kann langfristig nur durch einen konsequenten Entzug der jährlich aufwachsenden Biomasse erreicht werden.
Abstract Column and thin‐layer chromatography revealed the presence of the following carotenoids in the thalli of 29 lichen species (33 specimens) from South Africa (Transkei), Madagascar and Cape Verde Islands: α‐carotene, β‐carotene, ϵ‐carotene, β‐cryptoxanthin, lutein, 3′‐epilutein, zeaxanthin 4′‐hydroxyechinenone, canthaxanthin, α‐doradexanthin, β‐doradexanthin, astaxanthin lutein epoxide, antheraxanthin, neoxanthin, violaxanthin, auroxanthin, mutatochrome, mutatoxanthin, cryptoflavin and capsochrome. The total content of carotenoids ranged from 19.4 ( Cladonia squamosa ) to 92.2 μg g −1 dry weight ( Teloschistes hypoglaucus ).
New localities are reported for Paulia aldabrensis, P. myriocarpa, P. perforata, and P. schroederi, all being new to the lichen flora of Socotra (Yemen, Indian Ocean). The lichens have been found in shaded sites mainly on steep limestone rock surfaces. The new records of Paulia species from Socotra are included in a discussion of distributional patterns in the genus. From the isolated and disjunctive distributions it is concluded that the Paulia species are palaeoendemics in arid to semi-arid tropical habitats with their origin on the Gondwana continent or even earlier on the pre-Gondwana center of Pangaea. The species of the genus Paulia are described as lichens occurring on limestone in dry habitats and being distributed mainly on tropical islands (Henssen 1986). However, recently a Paulia species was reported from a granite inselberg in the Ivory Coast, West Africa, along a rainwater track (Btidel et al. 1997). Two representatives of the genus, Paulia gibbosa and P. myriocarpa, were found on a granite inselberg in the Orinoco Lowland, Venezuela, (Biidel & Schultz, unpubl. records) and Paulia aldabrensis occurred in northeastern Queensland, Australia, on sandstone (Biidel & Lumbsch, unpubl. records). Paulia species are not restricted to limestone habitats and additional records from silicous rocks can be expected. In general, the 12 species that are included in the genus show quite disjunctive distributions (see Henssen 1980, 1986; Henssen & Jorgensen 1990; Henssen & Tretiach 1995; Tretiach & Henssen 1996). A synopsis of the genus is given in Table 1. This study reports on four Paulia species that have been collected on the tropical island of Socotra in the western Indian Ocean. All species are new entries to the lichen flora of the island (Mies 1994). Paulia perforata (Pers.) Asah. was known from two localities: Rawak Island (West New Guinea) and the Mariana Islands (north of New Guinea), both collections made in the early 19th century. Asahina (1958) clarified the nomenclatural situation concerning the lichen taxa Gyrophora perforata Pers. and Paulia pullata F6e and used the new name, Paulia perforata (Pers.) Asah. Paulia aldabrensis was described by Henssen (1980) from the Aldabra Islands north of Madagascar. To date the species is only known from its type locality and from Australia (see above). Paulia myriocarpa was found in Mexico, the Bermuda Islands, Puerto Rico, and Brazil (in Henssen 1986 as P. tessellata; Henssen & Tretiach 1995) and Venezuela (see above). The identities of Thyrea myriocarpa Zahlbr. and Paulia tessellata Henss. was shown by Henssen and Jorgensen (1990), with the authors consequently suggesting the new combination Paulia myriocarpa (Zahlbr.) Henss. The fourth Paulia species that has been collected on Socotra is P. schroederi, a lichen described as Thyrea schroederi by Zahlbruckner (1921) from coastal limestone rocks in Kenya (near Mombasa). Henssen and Jorgensen (1990) showed that this lichen belongs to Paulia, and suggested the name P. schroederi (Zahlbr.) Henss. It much resembles Paulia gibbosa that is to date only known from the Bermuda Islands (Henssen 1986) and Venezuela (see above). Henssen (1986) considered Paulia aldabrensis and P. perforata as belonging to an eastern group of related species on account of their distributions and the hymenial reactions with iodine. Paulia myriocarpa is thought to belong to a western group (Henssen & Tretiach 1995). Paulia schroederi is closely related to P. gibbosa of the western group and differs from that species mainly in the color of the apothecial disc and its geographic distribution (Henssen & Tretiach 1995). Our newly discovered 0007-2745/99/61-66$0.75/0 This content downloaded from 157.55.39.208 on Fri, 14 Oct 2016 04:07:22 UTC All use subject to http://about.jstor.org/terms 62 THE BRYOLOGIST [VOL. 102 TABLE 1. Characters in Paulia based on data given by Henssen (1986), Henssen and Tretiach (1995); additions in Tretiach and Henssen (1996); including our own measurements. Paulia pyrenoides (Nyl.) Henss. is excluded here since it was only tentatively placed into the genus by Henssen and co-workers (Henssen and Jorgensen 1990; Henssen and Tretiach 1995). Distribution areas: Aldabra Isl.-1, Australia-2, Bermuda-3, Brazil-4, Cuba-5, Europe-6, Jamaica-7, Japan-8, Kenya-9, Mariana Isl.-10, Mexico-11, Puerto Rico-12, Rawak-13, Socotra-14, Venezuela-15.