The feed of 5 postpartum Japanese Black cows was changed from a low-starch ration (day 0) by the addition of 3kg per day of dent- corn silage. As a result of the change, calf fecesbegan showing preliminary signs' of scours between day 1 and day 3. Between day 5 and day 7, these calves suffered from watery white scours. Fat percent in the dams' milk increasedon the morning of the day on which preliminary symptoms developed and on the day on which scours appeared. Total Ca and Mg concentration in all dams' milk was high on the last evening of the preliminary-symptoms period. Milk pH changed remarkably on the day prior to theappearance of white scours. Palmitic and stearic acid in milk fat increased 1 day prior tothe appearance of white scours. Triglyceride and free fatty acid blood levels in calves were lower on the preliminary-symptoms day but returned to original levels 1 day prior to the appearance of white scours. It seems that calf white scours may be associated with lowered fat absorption in the digestive tract resulting from changes in dams' milk constituents. Further, these changes in dam milk constituents may have resulted from changes in the dams' rations.
Quantities and components of milk from 5 Japanese Black cows were examined over a period of 17 postpartum days. During the test period, the dry-matter intake of each cow remained unchanged. From the 2nd to the 16th postpartum day, milk-fat rate was 5.11±1.04%, milk-protein rate 3.80±0.39%, and lactose rate 4.68±0.24%. Average milk quantity from the 5th to the 17th postpartum day was 2.84±0.97 kg. The 5 cows were divided into 2 groups according to milk quantity: the high milk yield group (HMG; 2 cows) and the low milk yield group (LMG; 3 cows). From the 5th to the 17th postpartum days, average milk quantity from the HMG was 4.12±0.92kg/day and from the LMG 2.03±0.31kg/day. For the same period, average TDN fullness rate was 69±14% for the HMG and 113±21% for the LMG. Milk alcohol-test scores for the 4 postpartum days were high in both groups. These scores remainned high throughout the 4 postpartum days for the HMG but dropped off rapidly in the LMG. Individual differences and changes with passing postpartum days were large in milk quantity and components. Changes were unrelated to contentment ratio. Alcohol instability in the milk resulted from a lack of TDN.
Abstract Based on temperatures measured in observation wells of the UTF Phase B project, the behaviour of the rising steam chamber when it reached impermeable layers was studied using a numerical thermal simulator. Results indicated that steam could rise by detouring the impermeable layers when they exist within the channel sands. The extension of these impermeable layers is generally less than 10 m in diameter. Most of these impermeable layers became permeable after one to one and a half years of heating with steam. When steam reached shaly sands in the upper part of the reservoir, steam rise was terminated. However, in some instances, it rose slowly after one to one and a half years of heating. Steam generally stopped to rise at few metres from the bottom of the point bar sands. However, a significant amount of bitumen could be produced from these sands. In the Hangingstone reservoir, Japan Canada Oil Sands Limited (JACOS) began initial steam circulation in April 1999 and the regular SAGD operation in July 1999. The early oil production volumes were close to our expectations. An extended understanding of the rising mechanism of the steam chamber is achieved by a comparison of the performances obtained in the Hangingstone and UTF reservoirs. Markedly different characteristics between each were detected, which can be caused by the variance in geomechanical behaviour of the tar sands. Introduction The steam assisted gravity drainage (SAGD) process has been successfully tested at the UTF (Underground Test Facility) project initiated in 1988. The project consisted of a small scale test (Phase A) with three pairs of 50 m horizontal wells, a commercial scaledpilot test (Phase B) with three pairs of 500 m horizontal wells, and Phase D where wells were drilled from the surface. The performance of these tests has been reported(1-3). Japan Canada Oil Sands Limited (JACOS) has participated in the UTF project since 1992, and acquired field data. Numerical history matches were conducted for all of these phases. For example, 10,990 grids were used to match the history of all three pairs of the Phase B project. In addition to the history match of well performances, flow resistance of the annulus and tubing, the effect of gas injection, and other aspects were also studied from the data provided. The growth mechanism of the steam chamber, which is presented in this paper, is also included in these topics. The original recovery mechanism of the SAGD process described by Butler(4, 5), is based on energy flow by thermal conduction, and drainage of the heated oil by gravity. Ito and Suzuki(6) proposed the importance of convective heat transfer in the SAGD process via numerical simulation. An equation to calculate oil production rates was developed by Ito et al.(7) through a parametric study, involving a series of numerical simulation runs. A quantitative heating mechanism of the reservoir by conduction and convection was also evaluated(8, 9). The above mechanism is based on the process where it becomes mature and the steam chamber grows sideways.
Cows were given the control diet (Group A, 7 cows) high protein, and diet (Group CP, 5 cows) or high starch diet (Group ST, 6 cows), and blood was sampled and examined by chemical components before, 2 hr after, and 4 hr after the morning feeding. In Group A blood sampled 2 hr after feeding showed lower contents of total cholesterol (TCHO), beta lipoprotein (β-LIPO), and ammonium (NH3) as compared with samples before feeding. In Group CP samples at 2 hr postfeeding were higher in blood urea nitrogen (BUN) and lower in glucose (GL), while higher contents of triglyseride (TG) and BUN were seen in Group ST. In Group contents of CP, TG, β-LIPO and NH3 were higher than those in Group A at 2 hr postfeeding. At 4 hr after feeding such temporary fluctuations were much smallerin range, indicating that blood should be sampled for metabolic profile test (MPT) at 4 hror later after the morning feeding but before the next feeding.
Five postpartum Japanese Black cows were first given low-starch feed then 3kg/day of corn silage. As a result of this regimen, all calves showed premonitory signs in the feces 1-3 days following the administration of silage to their dams. The calves contracted aqueous white scours after the dams began eating silage. Total numbers of protozoa in dams' rumen doubled the day after the occurrence of premonitory signs in calves. As to dam blood components, triglycerides increased on the day on which calves demonstrated premonitory signs; and phospholipids and beta-hydroxybutyric acid were high on the day before the calves contracted white scours. On the day on which white scours developed in calves, triglycerides, glucose, and urea nitrogen increased in dams. These findings suggest that change in dams' feed causes blood component changes that influence their milk components, finally resulting in their calves' contracting white scours.
A color change model was constructed to predict the quality deterioration in packaged broccoli and representedusing integrated O2 consumption as independent variable. It was then combined with respiration models represented usingO2 and CO2 concentrations and storage time. Inpackage gas composition and packaged broccoli color changes weresimulated using these models for broccoli packaged in a specific plastic film. Produce quality evaluation standards such asedibility and salability were represented using imageanalyzed data relating color image data to visual results, making imageanalysis applicable to predicting the shelf life of produce packaged using different types of film. The color change model thusenables us to determine effective distribution and storage conditions for produce.
