B. A. M. Botros

United States Naval Medical Research Unit III

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R. W. Moch

Center for Food Safety and Applied Nutrition

Atef Soliman

National Center of Infectious and Parasitic Diseases

Kenneth C. Earhart

Center for Global Health

Catherine S. Todd

Family Health International 360

Paul T. Scott

Merck & Co., Inc., Rahway, NJ, USA (United States)

Steffanie A. Strathdee

University of California, San Diego

Christian T. Bautista

Naval Medical Research Unit Six

Adel W. Salib

United States Naval Medical Research Unit III

Thomas G. Ksiazek

The University of Texas Medical Branch at Galveston

I. S. Barsoum

Vanderbilt University

Cooperative Institutions

United States Naval Medical Research Unit III

Walter Reed Army Institute of Research

Centers for Disease Control and Prevention

Ain Shams University

Naval Medical Research Unit Six

Naval Medical Research Command

Henry M. Jackson Foundation

National Institutes of Health

United States Army Medical Research Institute of Infectious Diseases

Ministry of Health and Population

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Prevalence of HIV, hepatitis B and hepatitis C and associated risk behaviours amongst injecting drug users in three Afghan cities

International Journal of Drug Policy (2010)

Abdul Nasir Catherine S. Todd Mohammad Raza Stanekzai Christian T. Bautista B. A. M. Botros

Hepatitis C

Hepatitis B

Sexual transmission

Needle sharing

Afghan

harm reduction

10.1016/j.drugpo.2010.10.006

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Citations (42)

A study to evaluate non-fatal rabies in animals.

PubMed (1979)

B. A. M. Botros J. C. Lewis M. Kerkor

Brains and salivary glands of stray dogs, cats and wild mammals were examined for latent rabies virus. Sera of these animals were tested for rabits neutralizing antibody. Dogs and rodents of the gerbil species were experimentally infected with rabies viruses tryping to produce nonfatal rabies. The following conclusions are made: 1. Naturally occurring nonfatal rabies infection evidenced by recovery of the virus was not present in the stray dogs examined and could not be produced experimentally. 2. Among wild gerbils showing no signs of disease, recovery of (latent) virus was possible but this condition could not be reproduced experimentally. However they could have been in the incubation stage. 3. Development of rabies neutralizing antibody did not occur naturally in wild rodents, but occurred in dogs. Antibody to rabies was detected in surviving gerbils after experimental infection. The antibody probably develops subsequent to sublinical nonfatal infection. 4. Non-fatal infection, indicated either by recovery of rabies virus or detection of neutralizing antibody, was not detected among the examined cats.

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HIV, hepatitis B, and hepatitis C prevalence and associated risk behaviors among female sex workers in three Afghan cities

AIDS (2010)

Catherine S. Todd Abdul Nasir Mohammad Raza Stanekzai Christian T. Bautista B. A. M. Botros

Objective: To assess prevalence of HIV, syphilis, and hepatitis B (HBV) and C virus (HCV) and associated risk behaviors among female sex workers (FSWs) in three Afghan cities. Design: Cross-sectional prevalence assessment. Methods: Consented FSWs from Jalalabad, Kabul, and Mazar-i-Sharif completed an interviewer-administered questionnaire, pretest and posttest counseling, and rapid and confirmatory testing for HIV, HCV, HBV, and syphilis. Logistic regression was used to detect correlates associated with HBV infection. Results: Of 520 participants, median age and age of initiating sex work were 29 and 23 years, respectively, and the median number of monthly clients was 12. Few FSWs reported ever having used illicit drugs (6.9%) or alcohol (4.7%). Demographic and risk behaviors varied significantly by enrollment site, with Kabul FSWs more likely to report sexually transmitted infection symptoms, longer sex work duration, and sex work in other cities. Prevalence of HIV was 0.19%, HCV was 1.92%, and HBV was 6.54%, with no cases of syphilis detected. HBV was independently associated with at least 12 clients monthly [adjusted odds ratio (AOR) = 3.15, 95% confidence interval (CI) 1.38–7.17], ever using alcohol (AOR = 2.61, 95%CI 1.45–4.69), anal sex (AOR = 2.42, 95%CI 1.15–5.08), and having children (AOR = 2.12, 95%CI 1.72–2.63) in site-controlled multivariable analysis. Conclusion: Although prevalence of HIV, HCV, and syphilis is currently low in these three Afghan cities, risky sexual practices were common and associated with HBV. Programming inclusive of voluntary testing for HIV, viral hepatitis, and sexually transmitted infections, hepatitis vaccination, substance abuse prevention, and condom promotion for both FSWs and clients should be pursued in Afghanistan.

Afghan

Hepatitis C

Sex workers

Hepatitis B

10.1097/01.aids.0000386736.25296.8d

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Citations (53)

HIV infection and associated risk factors among long–distance truck drivers travelling through Azerbaijan

International Journal of STD & AIDS (2009)

B. A. M. Botros Q M Aliyev Maha Saad Anazodo Michael Jorge L. Sánchez

The aim of this study was to assess HIV prevalence and associated risk behaviours among international truck drivers (TDs) in Azerbaijan. The subjects signed consent and completed a questionnaire. Blood was tested using two rapid HIV tests: Determine and OraQuick. Genotyping was performed on 13 positives. Overall, 3763 TDs from 21 countries were enrolled. Fifty-eight (1.54%) were HIV-positive. Highest prevalence was among Russians (2.88%), Ukrainians (1.66%) and Azerbaijani (1.09%). On univariate analysis, highest prevalence (60%) was among injecting drug users (IDUs) compared with 0.4% among non-IDUs (P < 0.001). The prevalence in men who had sex with men (MSM) (42.9%) was high (P ≤ 0.001). On multivariate analysis, IDUs and MSM remained as the main HIV independent risk factors. Additional risk factors include no condom use, no circumcision and a history of an sexually transmitted infection. Eleven of 13 samples were subtype A. In conclusion, HIV was highly associated with IDU and MSM. The detected HIV subtypes A and B are those predominant in the former Soviet Union.

Infection Risk

10.1258/ijsa.2008.008396

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Citations (16)

Serological evidence of dengue fever among refugees, Hargeysa, Somalia

Journal of Medical Virology (1989)

B. A. M. Botros Douglas M. Watts Atef Soliman Adel W. Salib Mahmoud Moussa

Abstract Epidemics of a malaria‐like illness affected several thousand residents of the Dam Camp, a refugee camp near Hargeysa in Somalia, during 1985, 1986, and 1987. The disease was characterized by fever, chills, sweats, headache, back and joint pains for as long as 10 days in some patients. Blood smears from acutely ill patients were negative for malaria. Of 28 acute and 10 convalescent sera tested by the indirect fluorescent antibody (IFA) and by the hemagglutination inhibition (HI) tests, all were negative for antibody to Rift Valley fever, Crimean‐Congo hemorrhagic fever, Sindbis, Chikungunya, yellow fever, and Zika viruses. However, antibody reactive to dengue 2 virus was detected by the IFA test in 39% (15/38), and 11 of 29 (38%) of the same sera were antibody positive by the HI test. Also, IgG antibody reactive to dengue 2 was demonstrated in 60% (17/28) of the same sera by the enzyme immunoassay (EIA), and 14% (4/28) were positive for IgM antibody. Of ten patients for which acute and convalescent sera were available, two developed four fold or greater rises in antibody titer evidencing infection. These data suggested that dengue virus may have been the cause of the epidemic among the Dam Camp refugees.

10.1002/jmv.1890290202

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Citations (38)

Genetic Forms of HIV Type 1 in the Former Soviet Union Dominate the Epidemic in Azerbaijan

AIDS Research and Human Retroviruses (2006)

Magdi D. Saad Qalib Aliev B. A. M. Botros Jean K. Carr Peter J. Gomatos

A total of 125 strains collected in Azerbaijan between 1999 and 2002 from HIV seropositives were genetically classified. Of 84 strains classified using HMA, 91.6% were subtype A, 1.2% subtype B, and 7.1% untypeable. Of 41 strains analyzed using partial pol gene sequences, 90.2% were subtype A, 7.3% subtype B, and 2.4% CRF03–AB. Most sequenced A strains clustered with those circulating in countries of the former Soviet Union (FSU). Two of three sequenced B strains were from individuals who traveled to FSU clustering tightly with B strains from Nikolayev, Ukraine. CRF03–AB, characteristic of the 1996 epidemic in Kaliningrad, Russia, was sequenced from an individual who lived in Russia from 1995 until 2001. The HIV epidemic in Azerbaijan is concentrated in IDU and is closely connected to other such epidemics to the east based on genetics. Of the 41 sequenced strains, 95% were close genetic relatives of HIV strains in IDU networks in the FSU.

10.1089/aid.2006.22.796

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Citations (24)

Implications of hepatitis C viremia vs. antibody alone on transmission among male injecting drug users in three Afghan cities

International Journal of Infectious Diseases (2010)

Abdul Nasir Catherine S. Todd Mohammad Raza Stanekzai Christian T. Bautista B. A. M. Botros

To assess differences between injecting drug users (IDUs) with hepatitis C virus (HCV) viremia and IDUs with HCV antibody (Ab) or no evidence of prior infection in three Afghan cities.IDUs in Hirat, Jalalabad, and Mazar-i-Sharif completed questionnaires and rapid testing for blood-borne infections including HCV Ab. HCV Ab was confirmed with a recombinant immunoblot assay (RIBA); RIBA-positive specimens underwent reverse transcriptase polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) for HCV. Risk behaviors associated with viremia were assessed with site-controlled ordinal regression analysis.Of 609 participants, 223 (36.6%) had confirmed HCV Ab. Of 221 with serum available for PCR evaluation, 127 (57.5%) were viremic. HCV viremia prevalence did not differ by site (range 41.7-59.1%; p=0.52). Among all IDUs, in age and site-controlled ordinal regression analysis, HCV was independently associated with HIV co-infection (adjusted odds ratio (AOR) 7.16, 95% confidence interval (CI) 4.41-11.64), prior addiction treatment (AOR 1.95, 95% CI 1.57-2.42), ever aspirating and re-injecting blood (AOR 1.62, 95% CI 1.18-2.23), prior incarceration (AOR 1.60, 95% CI 1.04-2.45), and sharing injecting equipment in the last 6 months (AOR 1.35, 95% CI 1.02-1.80).HCV viremia was present in many participants with prior HCV infection and was associated with some injecting risk behaviors, indicating a substantial risk for transmission. Current harm reduction programs should aim to improve HCV awareness and prevention among IDUs in Afghanistan as a matter of urgency.

Viremia

Hepatitis C

harm reduction

10.1016/j.ijid.2010.11.006

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Citations (10)

Leptospirosis in Ethiopia: a serological survey in domestic and wild animals.

PubMed (1975)

R. W. Moch E Ebner L S Barsoum B. A. M. Botros

Seven hundred and fifty-eight serum samples from domestic and wild animals in Ethiopia were tested for leptospiral antibodies by the microscopic agglutination test. The following percentages of seropositivity were obtained: horse (91.3 per cent), cow (70.7 per cent), pig (57.1 per cent), goat (47.3 per cent), sheep (43.4 per cent), camel (15.4 per cent), and dog (8.3 per cent). All 54 samples from birds and wild animals were seronegative. Most of the positive sera exhibited reaction to more than one serotype and antibodies to serotype butembo were predominant in sera of the majority of the examined species. However, grippotyphosa, rather than butembo was the predominant reacting serotype in camels and dogs. It is concluded that leptospirosis is of significant prevalence in domestic animals in Ethiopia and may constitute an occupational health hazard to man.

Direct agglutination test

Prevalence

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Citations (23)

Toxoplasmosis in Egypt: isolation of Toxoplasma gondii from a pig.

PubMed (1973)

B. A. M. Botros R. W. Moch I. S. Barsoum

Toxoplasmosis

Isolation

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Some observations on experimentally induced infection of dogs with Babesia gibsoni.

PubMed (1975)

B. A. M. Botros R. W. Moch I. S. Barsoum

Splenectomized andnonsplenectomized dogs were experimentally infected with Babesia gibsoni. Infectivity of parasites was retained for 1 month in samples of blood kept at 4 C in a mixture with Alsever's, acid-citrate-dextrose (ACD), or ammonium-potassium oxalate solutions. When samples were slowly frozen to -70 C in a mixture with citrate solution, the parasites remained infective for 4 months. The average prepatent period was 3.3 days in splenectomized dogs and 4 days in nonsplenectomized dogs. Clinical signs were mild fever and anemia in nonsplenectomized dogs and fever, anemia, icterus, and rarely, hemoglobinuria in splenectomized dogs. Blood packed cell volume (PCV) decreased to as little as 11%, and total bilirubin increased to as great as 0.85 mg/dl. Latent parasitemia was still detectable in some dogs 135 days after the initial parasitemia. Gross pathologic changes mainly involved liver and spleen. Hepatic degeneration was always present.

Infectivity

Hemoglobinuria

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Citations (29)