ABSTRACT: This article explores the competences and functions of online tutors in distance education (DE). It involves a literature review and the elaboration of a theoretical model to guide the training of tutors. The texts selected in the review are analyzed qualitatively by a coding and categorization process supported by MAXQDA. Literature-based codes are initially proposed, but others are included during the analysis. The model presented considered the frequency of occurrence of categories in the texts. Among the competences of online tutors, the following stand out: managerial, disciplinary knowledge, pedagogical knowledge, communication skills, socio-affective skills and technological skills. The basic functions of the online tutor in DE, identified in the research, are: management, pedagogy and social. The proposed model seeks to relate these competencies to these functions. It should serve, in this sense, to guide the training of tutors, in opposition to the tendency of precariousness of online teaching work.
In 2002, twenty researchers signed a manifest at Stanford University, addressing basically epistemological issues. This counter-manifest seeks to discuss four basic concepts from the Stanford manifest: interdisciplinarity, co-emergence, co-extensivity and emergence.
Este artigo sugere que a pos-graduacao stricto sensu profissional no Brasil e um espaco propicio para o desenvolvimento de pesquisas sobre educacao a distância. Trata-se de uma pesquisa bibliografica que envolveu revisao de literatura e analise de documentos institucionais e legais. Os textos selecionados foram analisados qualitativamente utilizando as metodologias de codificacao, categorizacao e analise de conteudo. O objetivo e investigar se existe uma cegueira epistemologica entre as areas da educacao em geral e da educacao a distância, assim como entre os campos dos mestrados (e agora doutorados) academicos e profissionais. Identificam-se resistencias por parte da academia em relacao a pos-graduacao stricto sensu profissional, especialmente na area de educacao, assim como em relacao a educacao a distância. O artigo conclui que os mestrados e doutorados profissionais no Brasil, em especial os que abordam tecnologias educacionais, sao cursos adequados para o desenvolvimento de pesquisas sobre educacao a distância. Sao sugeridos diversos trabalhos futuros para dar continuidade a pesquisa: revisao de literatura sobre as diferencas entre pesquisa basica e aplicada; revisao de literatura e de praticas internacionais sobre doutorados profissionais; propostas de formatos de pesquisas, de trabalhos de conclusao de curso e de producao tecnica em mestrados e doutorados profissionais e os respectivos criterios para sua avaliacao; e propostas de mestrados e doutorados profissionais na modalidade a distância.
Palavras-chave: Cegueira epistemologica. Educacao profissional. Ensino superior.
In this paper, the authors will talk about the development of technological platforms and tools that will support the creation and implementation of techno-pedagogical paradigms to tech the XXI Century generations. By proving how the innovative model of the open and distance learning universities (UNAD, for its Spanish acronym) is not run out and can be renewed, taking as an example the COVID-19 pandemic and analyzing the carriers that provide change to a new education, where the need of innovation in higher education in open and distance modalities is an urgent matter. Undoubtedly, learning is one of the human capacities that has most influenced their development and evolution. Thus, the e-education concept is presented as an effort to develop talents and human capacities using the Internet and new information and communication technologies (ICT). This will allow introducing a generalized remote mode, which will create a different culture adjusting the school curriculum to an online strategy, and not a rigid one, that involves technological improvements, so general and specialized knowledge are combined to the needs of scientific, technological, and social development. Teachers work with students differently and provide help through more knowledge and experience. Recent studies are showing that there are more open and online options for teacher professional development and teachers access the Internet to expand their development opportunities through social media platforms. In this sense, the non-attendance process of education has improved its relevance globally. Although, the COVID-19 pandemic caused an accelerator effect on the digital transformation of the educational institutions.
Este artigo analisa como a nova legislação brasileira aborda os polos de educação a distância. Trata-se de uma pesquisa bibliográfica centrada basicamente em dois documentos: o Decreto nº 9.057, de 25 de maio de 2017, e a Portaria Normativa nº 11, de 20 de junho de 2017. Seu objetivo é discutir os pontos desses documentos legais que regulamentam as atividades dos polos de apoio presencial na educação a distância. São também analisadas algumas reações a esses documentos. O artigo conclui que a flexibilização instaurada pela nova legislação poderá ser positiva para o desenvolvimento da educação brasileira, mas traz também desafios de controle de qualidade, por exemplo, em relação aos polos de educação a distância.
Correspondence courses have been offered in Brazil since the late 19th century; in the 20th century, instructional media such as radio and television were successfully used long before the introduction of the Internet. However, distance education (DE) was officially established in Brazil only in 1996 by the National Educational Law of Policies and Bases. Several censuses conducted by the Brazilian Ministry of Education and the Brazilian Association of Distance Education (ABED) collected statistics on the number of institutions and students involved in DE in Brazil. Although higher education DE has developed in the country since then, several attempts to create an Open University failed. The institution that is now The Open University of Brazil (UAB), created in 2005, focused mainly on teacher education. However, it is not a new institution (but rather a system of older institutions). It is neither a university (but rather a consortium of public federal, state, and municipal face-to-face educational institutions), nor open (candidates should have at least finished high school and are required to pass a rigorous entrance exam). Although UAB certainly contributed to the progress of DE in Brazil, it faces many challenges and problems, such as the continuously questioned quality of its learning support centers, labor relations, issues related to hiring face-to-face and online tutors, and the structure and organization of producing content for courses. This article presents a brief history and the main characteristics of DE in Brazil, details UAB’s structure, and discusses the challenges it faces.
In the past several years, considerable interest has developed in the study of total body bioimpedance analysis (TBBIA) and body composition in healthy subjects. This simple and noninvasive technique uses derived and regression equations to validate data comparative to the gold standards of total body water determination and body composition. However, this approach has not proved to be of value in the critically ill patient with distorted body composition under the effects of multiple drugs and interventions. Notwithstanding, in recent years several authors have demonstrated the usefulness of this technique, apart from derived equations, relying solely in the judicious interpretation of the primary impedance parameters: resistance (R, ohms [omega], reactance (Xc, omega) and the derived phase angle (phi, degrees). The principles of bioelectrical impedance postulate that R is the opposition of total body water and electrolytes to the flow of an alternating current of low amplitude and high frequency, typically 800 microA and 50 kHz, and Xc is the capacitance produced by tissue interface and cell membranes. The phase shift is quantified geometrically as the angular transformation of the ratio Xc/R and is designated as phi. Altered cellular membrane function is a common feature of the septic patient and it has been systematically associated with a significant low Xc and phi. On the other hand, the fluid balance can be precisely monitored by the changes in R, and the serial measurements of the relation Xc/R (or the phi) has been utilized to discriminate between normal subjects and patients, and between septic and nonseptic critically ill patient. Some authors have demonstrated that this relation Xc/R is highly correlated with mortality and could be used for the staging of critically ill patients throughout their stay in the ICU. The role of TBBIA as a simple and noninvasive technique, and its implications for the management of critically ill patients are presented and discussed. Areas for future investigations, with single and multiple frequency, have the potential to clarify many aspects of this emergent technology at the bedside.
EnglishThis article discusses the use of Second Life (SL) as a learning environment. Initially, it discusses the concept of interaction in Distance Education (DE). Two theses are defended: (a) 3D virtual reality environments broaden the concept of interaction, and (b) interaction with the learning environment has been systematically ignored by the DE theory. Then, learning resources and some interesting experiences of teaching and learning in SL are evaluated. Finally, some reflections on the educational uses of SL and the innovations it can bring to DE. portuguesEste artigo aborda o uso do Second Life (SL) como ambiente de aprendizagem. Inicialmente, discute o conceito de interacao em Educacao a Distância (EaD). Sao defendidas duas teses: (a) de que os ambientes de realidade virtual 3D ampliam o conceito de interacao; e (b) de que a interacao com os ambientes de aprendizagem foi sistematicamente ignorada pelos teoricos da EaD. Em seguida, sao avaliados os recursos pedagogicos e algumas experiencias interessantes de ensino e aprendizagem no SL. Por fim, algumas reflexoes sobre o uso educacional do SL e as inovacoes que ele pode trazer para a EaD.