Thachamvally Riyesh

National Research Centre on Equines

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Sanjay Barua

National Research Centre on Equines

Bhupendra Nath Tripathi

Indian Council of Agricultural Research

Naveen Kumar

National Research Centre on Equines

Yogesh Chander

National Research Centre on Equines

Ram Kumar

Indian Institute of Technology Roorkee

Nitin Khandelwal

NIMS University

Rajesh Kumar Vaid

National Research Centre on Equines

Nitin Virmani

National Research Centre on Equines

Taruna Anand

National Research Centre on Equines

Bidhan Chandra Bera

National Research Centre on Equines

Cooperative Institutions

National Research Centre on Equines

Indian Council of Agricultural Research

Indian Veterinary Research Institute

Lala Lajpat Rai University of Veterinary and Animal Sciences

All India Institute of Medical Sciences

Central Institute for Research on Buffaloes

National Dairy Research Institute

Chaudhary Charan Singh Haryana Agricultural University

Guru Jambheshwar University of Science and Technology

Rajasthan University of Veterinary and Animal Sciences

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Synergistic Effect of Zinc-Chitosan Nanoparticles and Hydroxychloroquine to Inhibit Buffalo Coronavirus

Polymers (2023)

Anju Manuja Balvinder Kumar Dharvi Chhabra Basanti Brar Thachamvally Riyesh

Zinc ions can hinder the synthesis of proteins required for accomplishing several stages of the viral life cycle. The intracellular zinc concentration can be increased by using zinc ionophores which transport zinc ions into the cells and hinder viral replication. (Hydroxy)chloroquine is an example of a zinc ionophore, but both zinc and (hydroxy)chloroquine can be toxic to the host organism. The nanocarriers may serve as camouflage to evade the adverse effects of drugs, chemicals, and nanoparticles on the host. We formulated ZnO nanoparticles with flower-like morphology (ZnONFs). It was further decorated with chitosan along with hydroxychloroquine (as a zinc ionophore) (CHCZnO NPs). We have chosen the cationic polymer chitosan since it is biocompatible, biodegradable and binds easily with the cells, and enhances the transport of drugs across cell membranes. The formulation was investigated for size, shape, surface charge, and interaction of chemicals used. We evaluated the formulations for cytotoxicity, and biocompatibility in embryonated chicks and their efficacy against bovine coronavirus (BCoV) isolated from a buffalo calf, and pneumo-enteric coronaviruses isolated from a buffalo calf with promising results in comparison to ZnONFs/hydroxychloroquine alone. Furthermore, we elucidate the mechanism underlying the lysosomotropic effect of various formulations on Vero cells infected with the buffalo coronavirus.

Vero cell

Coronavirus

Nanocarriers

Hydroxychloroquine

Biocompatibility

Ethidium bromide

10.3390/polym15132949

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Isolation and characterization of lumpy skin disease virus from cattle in India

PLoS ONE (2021)

Naveen Kumar Yogesh Chander Ram Kumar Nitin Khandelwal Thachamvally Riyesh

Lumpy skin disease (LSD) has devastating economic impact. During the last decade, LSD had spread to climatically new and previously disease-free countries, which also includes its recent emergence in the Indian subcontinent (2019). This study deals with the LSD outbreak(s) from cattle in Ranchi (India). Virus was isolated from the scabs (skin lesions) in the primary goat kidney cells. Phylogenetic analysis based on nucleotide sequencing of LSD virus (LSDV) ORF011, ORF012 and ORF036 suggested that the isolated virus (LSDV/ Bos taurus -tc/India/2019/Ranchi) is closely related to Kenyan LSDV strains. Further, we adapted the isolated virus in Vero cells. Infection of the isolated LSDV to Vero cells did not produce cytopathic effect (CPE) until the 4 th blind passage, but upon adaptation, it produced high viral titres in the cultured cells. The kinetics of viral DNA synthesis and one-step growth curve analysis suggested that Vero cell-adapted LSDV initiates synthesizing its genome at ~24 hours post-infection (hpi) with a peak level at ~96 hpi whereas evidence of progeny virus particles was observed at 36–48 hours (h) with a peak titre at ~120 h. To the best of our knowledge, this study describes the first successful isolation of LSDV in India, besides providing insights into the life cycle Vero cell-adapted LSDV.

Vero cell

Cytopathic effect

10.1371/journal.pone.0241022

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Citations (102)

Isolation and genetic characterization of swinepox virus from pigs in India

Comparative Immunology Microbiology and Infectious Diseases (2016)

Thachamvally Riyesh Sanjay Barua Naveen Kumar Naresh Jindal Bidhan Chandra Bera

Isolation

Virus isolation

Genetic Analysis

10.1016/j.cimid.2016.04.001

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Characterization of isolates of Bordetella bronchiseptica from horses

Journal of Equine Science (2018)

Rajesh Kumar Vaid Karuppusamy Shanmugasundaram Taruna Anand Bidhan Chandra Bera Mamta Tigga

Bordetella bronchiseptica is a well-known Gram-negative bacterial pathogen causing a plethora of diseases in different animals. Although its infection has been reported from pigs and dogs in India, no report of B. bronchiseptica from horses is described. We report for the first time, isolation, identification and characterization of strains of B. bronchiseptica from respiratory infection in horses from different states in India. The antimicrobial susceptibility testing showed resistance to penicillins, ceftazidime, and chloramphanicol. The virulence capability of the strains was confirmed by sequencing genes such as adenylate cyclase toxin (cyaA), bordetella virulence gene (bvgA) and by PCR detection of flagellin gene (fla). We demonstrate the involvement of B. bronchiseptica strains in respiratory tract infection in horses in India.

Bordetella bronchiseptica

Bordetella

Respiratory tract

Virulence factor

10.1294/jes.29.25

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Citations (2)

Molecular characterization of chicken astroviruses in gout-affected commercial broiler chickens in Haryana, India

VirusDisease (2019)

Sumitra Panigrahi Naresh Jindal Pawan Kumar Sanjay Barua Naveen Kumar

Embryonated

Flock

10.1007/s13337-019-00554-1

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Citations (9)

Cytotoxicity and genotoxicity of a trypanocidal drug quinapyramine sulfate loaded-sodium alginate nanoparticles in mammalian cells

International Journal of Biological Macromolecules (2016)

Anju Manuja Balvinder Kumar Meenu Chopra Anshu Bajaj Rajender Kumar

Propidium iodide

HeLa

Vero cell

10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2016.03.034

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Citations (22)

Global status of african horse sickness: A perspective on emergency preparedness

Indian Journal of Comparative Microbiology Immunology and Infectious Diseases (2020)

Thachamvally Riyesh Naveen Kumar Shama Ranjan Barua

African horse sickness (AHS) is a non-contagious arthropod-borne viral disease, which affects all species of Equidae being fatal in horses. The aetiological agent of the disease is African horse sickness virus (AHSV), an Orbivirus within the family Reoviridae, which is transmitted by the biting midges in the genus Culicoides. AHS has been reported from Africa, Europe and Asia, and the disease is endemic in Africa. AHS appeared in India in the early 1960s and the disease was controlled later by combined vaccination and zoo sanitary measures. In recent times, climate change and the associated changing pattern of vector migration and international movement of animals have resulted in the appearance of the disease in countries, where it is not present. The presence of the disease in neighbouring countries is a threat to the equine population in India as our equines are naive to AHSV. It is in this context that any new outbreak in the country could be devastating for the equine sector. Majority of the veterinarians and para-veterinarians in the country are less informed about the clinical presentation and severity of AHS which could further result in delay in identification of index cases. Under the circumstances, it becomes prudent to create awareness about the disease so as to benefit researchers, veterinarians and the farming community associated with the equine sector. In this direction, this review besides highlighting the history, aetiology and clinical presentation of the disease also summarizes the emergency preparedness for combating the disease in the country.

Preparedness

African horse sickness

10.5958/0974-0147.2020.00006.9

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Genome sequence of bovine herpesvirus 5 (BoHV-5) isolate from India

Microbiology Resource Announcements (2024)

Assim Verma Himanshu Kamboj Nitin Khandelwal Ram Kumar Thachamvally Riyesh

ABSTRACT Recently, we identified bovine herpesvirus 5 (BoHV-5) in a vaginal swab from aborted cattle. It was unusual in two aspects: first, its association with abortion (it is otherwise mainly associated with encephalitis), and second, it is the first report from India (as it is mostly restricted to South American countries). In this study, we conducted the genome sequencing of the BoHV-5 isolate and provided insights into its phylogenetic relationships with other BoHV-5 strains. These findings contribute valuable knowledge toward understanding the epidemiology and evolution of BoHV-5.

Bovine herpesvirus 1

Sequence (biology)

10.1128/mra.00950-24

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Isolation and characterization of bovine herpes virus 5 (BHV5) from cattle in India

bioRxiv (Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory) (2020)

Naveen Kumar Yogesh Chander Thachamvally Riyesh Nitin Khandelwal Ram Kumar

Abstract Bovine herpesvirus 1 (BHV1) and 5 (BHV5) are genetically and antigenically related alphaherpesviruses. Infection with one virus induces protective immunity against the other. However, disease associated with BHV1 and BHV5 varies significantly; whereas BHV1 infection is usually associated with rhinotracheitis and abortion, BHV5 causes encephalitis in cattle. BHV5 outbreaks are sporadic and mainly restricted to the South American countries. We report BHV5 infection for the first time from aborted cattle in India. Based on the characteristic cytopathic effects in MDBK cells, amplification of the viral genome in PCR, differential PCR for BHV1/BHV5, nucleotide sequencing and restriction endonuclease patterns, identity of the virus was confirmed as BHV5 subtype A. Serum samples from the aborted cattle strongly neutralized both BHV1 and BHV5 suggesting an active viral infection in the herd. Upon UL27, UL44 and UL54 gene-based sequence and phylogenetic analysis, the isolated virus clustered with BHV5 strains and showed highest similarity with the Brazilian BHV5 strains. Author Summary BHV5 causes fatal meningoencephalitis that may result in a mortality rate of up to 100% in cattle. BHV5 is rarely associated with abortion and its distribution is restricted to South American countries. Only a few cases of this disease have been reported from other countries. For the first time, we provide a strong evidence of BHV5 infection from aborted cattle in India. The finding may necessitate inclusion of BHV5 test protocol in testing of semen for sexually transmitted diseases. Also, the isolated virus would be useful for developing diagnostic, prophylactic and therapeutic agents to combat BHV5 disease in the country.

Bovine herpesvirus 1

10.1101/2020.01.24.917880

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Citations (4)

Molecular Appraisal of the Host-Range K1L Gene of Buffalopox Virus Isolates from an Outbreak (2010) in Maharashtra

Journal of Immunology and Immunopathology (2011)

Shama Ranjan Barua Bidhan Chandra Bera Karuppusamy Shanmugasundaram Taruna Anand Thachamvally Riyesh

The buffalopox virus (BPXV) has emerged as an occupational zoonotic disease in the country. Host-range genes play a critical role in the host tropism of poxviruses as in the case of vaccinia viruses (VACV). Among hostrange genes, the K1L gene is required for viral replication by antagonising host-imposed interferon resistance. This study was undertaken for genetic characterisation of this VACV homologue host-range gene of BPXV isolates from buffaloes (BPXV/buffalo/Jalgaon/2010) and humans (BPXV/human/Jalgaon/2010) from an outbreak (2010) in Maharashtra. Furthermore, we also analysed the phylogenetic relationship of BPXVs with other Orthopoxviruses (OPXVs) to determine the nature of this gene within the genus. Sequence analysis revealed ORFs of 855 bp. Current isolates shared maximum homology (~99%) at both nt and aa levels with VACV. There was no sequence variation in this gene with respect to buffalo and human isolates of BPXV; however, a significant point mutation (D249N) was observed in the BPXV isolates as compared with VACV and other VACV-like viruses. Phylogenetic analysis revealed clustering of BPXV isolates with VACVs along with the vaccine strains. The close homology between BPXV and VACV suggests their similar roles in viral pathogenesis.This analysis could provide an avenue for discovering critical innate antiviral responses for the development of vaccine and antiviral agents required in the context of reduction of cohort immunity against poxviruses in the human population. This is the first report of genetic analysis of the K1L gene of the buffalopox virus.

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