The central part of the Brazilian coast experienced considerable relative sea-level fluctuations during the Quaternary. It has been possible to identify three high marine levels. The last two, during which the sealevel was at a maximum S k 2m (123,000 yr BP) and 4,s * 0.5117 (5,100 yr BP) above the current level, have left substantial records, whose identification was possible due to numerous absolute datings. This sealevel history had a profound effect on the evolution of sedimentary plains. Wave energy, tidal range and river loads, for example, have been considered as the most important factors in the classical models of coastal sedimentation. However, the role played by relative sea-level changes has been not much considered. Probably, this is due to the fact that the models have been proposed by authors from the northern hemisphere countries, where most commonly the present sea-level is the highest during the Holocene time. This is not the case of Brazil, where most part of the coast was submerged until 5,100 yr BP followed by emergence up today, abstracting two quick oscillations. Obviously, the coastal dynamics could not be the same during relative sea-level rise or sea-level drop. The equilibrium profile of a sandy coast will be destroyed with sea-level changes and its restoration will be accompanied by transfer of sands, from backshore and adjacent land areas to foreshore during sea-level rise and from foreshore to backshore during sea-level drop. During submergence periods (relative sea-level rise), barrier-island/lagoonal systems ere dominant and the rivers could reach protected areas, as lagoons and estuaries, to build deltas. In contrast. a sea-level fall creates highly unfavourable conditions for the genesis and maintenance of barrier island/lagoonal systems. Lagoons and bays become emergent and beach-ridge plains rapidly prograde, resulting in regressive sand sheet. When fossil beach-ridges are present, their geometry reflects the past directions of longshore transport. This makes it possible to determine the provenance of past efficient swells and to establish the past wind patterns. Paleogeographic reconstructions supported by numerous radiocarbon datings allowed us to recognize the essential role played by relative sea-level changes, associated with longshore transport of sediments and paleoclimatic fluctuations, in the formation of the coastal plains in Brazil.
This paper deals, with the studies of the heavy minerals and microorganisms contained in the sediments of the Iguape-Cananeia lagoonal region. The microorganisms from the subsurface samples and from the present different environments were compared. As a result an inestimable tool was acquired for the reconstruction of the areal sedimentation history. The heavy minerals gave indications about the source rocks of the sediments, mostly concerning to the regressive sands, blanket sands type deposits (KRUMBEIN and SLOSS, 1963, p. 550). The presence of well distinctive four sedimentation unities were recognized as a record of the geological events in the area. The Pariquera-Acu Formation, old alluvial deposits spreaded in the Ribeira de Iguape hydrographic basin, particularly along the course of the Jacupiranga River (as indicated in the map of FRANZINELLI, 1970), was here recognized as a direct consequence of the quaternary events, occurred downstream, in the Iguape-Cananeia lagoonal region.
Carbon and oxygen isotopic compositions have been determined on modern pelecypod shells and ancient pelecypod shells whose ages had been measured by the radiocarbon method. The modern shells collected along the Brazilian coastline in order to identify possible isotopic composition trends in the shells of the pelecypods living along this coastline. The ancient pelecypod shells were collected mostly from the Cananéia-Iguape coastal plain (State of Sao Paulo). The isotopic composition ratios of these samples can be correlated with sea-level fluctuations during the Holocene, whose transgressive and regressive phases left their own typical isotopic compositions imprinted on these shells. Some samples of freshwater pelecypod shells were also analysed to establish the limites of δC13 and δO18 in fluviatile and lacustrine environments. The analytical results showed that isotopic composition can be used to distinguish between pelecypod shells in freshwater environments from those in saltwater environments, as previously has been verified elsewhere. This fact demonstrates that biological control of the isotopic fractionation mechanisms may be overriden by environmental controls.