Our country's future system of administrative public interest lawsuits can benefit from the pattern of western nations: In the starting pattern,a variety of commencement can be used.In lawsuit authorization,with citizens' precensored lawsuits playing a primary role.In the lawsuit time,both post-sentence lawsuits and prevention lawsuits should be allowed.
This paper gave an analysis of the current relationship between China's village-level party organizations and new rural organizations from two dimensions of objectives and preferred strategies by using analytical framework of interaction between government and non-profit organizations by Najam.The results show that despite of the differences in concrete objectives,the two organizations are essentially the same,both united in the new socialist countryside construction and the objective of new rural organizations is part of that of village-level party organizations.The difference lies in the fact that village-level party organizations have definite political and social objectives.In terms of ways to realize the objectives,although the two have different preferred strategies with village-level organizations favoring political,administrative and economic means and new rural organizations favoring economic means only,there is no fundamental conflict and both of them have their own advantages.The relationship between the two is neither one of conflict or absorption nor one of complete cooperation or complementation,but one of complementary cooperation.
Spontaneous imbibition (SI) is an important method to improve oil recovery in tight sandstone reservoirs. Commonly, the physical simulation of SI is performed at atmospheric pressure but the characteristics of spontaneous imbibition under confining pressure (SIUCP) is often neglected. In this study, oil distribution in tight cores was obtained in combination of high pressure mercury intrusion (HPMI) measurements and low-field nuclear magnetic (LF-NMR) measurements. After that, oil recovery for SI and SIUCP of tight core samples with all faces open (AFO) were obtained using LF-NMR measurements. Finally, a new scaling law for SIUCP was proposed to predict shut-in time in field scale. The results showed that 95.94–98.12 wt % of the oil was distributed in nanopores (0.1 ms < T2 < 100 ms) of core samples, and the average amount of oil in nanomicro-pores, nanomeso-pores and nanomacro-pores were 34.04, 40.15, and 22.75 wt %, respectively. Ultimate oil recovery for core samples were 22.41, 44.41, 57.27, 61.84, and 62.82 wt %, respectively, as confining pressure increased from 0 to 2175 psi. The improved oil recovery for SIUCP was associated with the decline of effective pore radius as a function of confining pressure, which results in the effect of enhanced SI and compaction. Finally, a modified dimensionless time model was proposed in combination of Mason's dimensionless time model and effective pore radius as a function confining pressure.
During the development of multi-layer tight sandstone gas reservoirs in Ordos Basin, China, it has not been easy to calculate accurately the production of each individual layer in gas wells. However, production allocation provides a vital basis for evaluating dynamic reserves and drainage areas of gas wells and remaining gas distributions of gas layers. To improve the accuracy and reliability of production allocation of gas wells, a new model was constructed based on the seepage equation, material balance equation, and pipe string pressure equation. In particular, this new model introduced the seepage equation with an elliptical boundary to accurately capture the fluid flow characteristics within a lenticular tight gas reservoir. The new model can accurately calculate the production and reservoir pressure of each individual layer in gas wells. In addition, the new model was validated and applied in the Sulige gas field, Ordos Basin. The following conclusions were drawn: First, The gas production contribution rates of pay zones based on the new model are fairly close to the measurements of the production profile logging, with errors less than 10%. Second, The overall drainage area of a gas well lies among those of each pay zone, and the total dynamic reserves of the well are close to the sum of the dynamic reserves of pay zones. Third, Higher permeability may lead to higher initial gas production of the pay zone, but the ultimate gas production contributions of pay zones are affected jointly by permeability and dynamic reserves. Finally, The new model has been successfully applied to the SZ block of the Sulige gas field, in which the fine evaluation of dynamic reserves, drainage areas, gas production, recovery factors, and remaining gas distributions of different layers was delivered, and the application results provide technical support for the future well placement and enhanced gas recovery of the block.
The lower Silurian Longmaxi Formation hosts a highly productive shale gas play in the Zhaotong region of southern China. According to core observation, X-ray diffraction analyses, and scanning electron microscopy (SEM) observations, the shale comprises primarily quartz, carbonate minerals, and clay minerals, with minor amounts of plagioclase, K-feldspar, and pyrite. The clay mineral content ranges from 15.0% to 46.1%, with an average of 29.3% in the Zhaotong region. Organic geochemical analyses show that the Longmaxi Formation has good potential for shale gas resources by calculating total organic carbon, vitrinite reflectance, and gas content. Scanning electron microscope images demonstrate that reservoir pore types in the Longmaxi shale include organic pores, interparticle pores, intercrystalline pores, intraparticle pores, and fractures. Reservoir distribution is controlled by lithofacies, mineral composition, and geochemical factors. In addition, we investigated the relationships between reservoir parameters and production from 15 individual wells in the Zhaotong region by correlation coefficients. As a result, the brittleness index, total organic carbon (TOC), porosity, and gas content were used to define high-quality reservoirs in the Longmaxi shale. Based on these criteria, we mapped the thickness and distribution of high-quality reservoirs in the Longmaxi Formation and selected highlighted several key sites for future exploration and development.
The public interest litigation system is established by the Amendment of Civil Procedural.Which makes possible the establishment of administration public interest litigation amended by administration litigation.Practically,the public interest litigation raised by the procurators is not only with profound theoretical basis,i.e.theory of enlarging scope of litigants,theory of public trust,theory of litigation undertaking,etc.,but also becomes mature system in the UK,the USA,France and Germany.In common law system countries such the UK and the USA and civil law countries,the procurators play three roles: legal representatives of public interest,legal supervisors and litigation parties.Thus the newly-coming administration litigation will endow plaintiff qualification in the administration public interest litigation to the procurators,which will be beneficial not only in spreading notion of socialist law ruling,but also in making the procurators play function and realizing aims of administration litigation.
Since December,2009,Xiangfan University cultivated many village officials from Xiangfan City on law.Village official training realize the cooperation of local colleges and local government,setting a good example in serving local economy;it enhanced legal consciousness of village officials for a better law enforcement;it is helpful for the construction of new order for socialist new rural communities.
As a national shale-gas demonstration zone in China, the Zhaotong area has great gas resource potential. However, the nanopore structure characteristics, methane adsorption capacity, and their affecting factors of the Lower Silurian Longmaxi Shale in this area remain unclear. To address these puzzles, we conducted a series of experiments, such as X-ray diffraction, field emission scanning electron microscopy, low-pressure [Formula: see text] adsorption, and high-pressure methane adsorption, and we calculated the relevant characteristic parameters, such as pore volume (PV), specific surface area (SSA), fractal dimension, and Langmuir parameters by using the nonlocal density functional theory method, Frenkel-Halsey-Hill theory, and Langmuir model, respectively. The results indicate that the nanopores of the Lower Longmaxi Shale in the Zhaotong area are composed of micropores and mesopores, which mainly exist as organic matter (OM) pores. The pore surface exhibits a high degree of heterogeneity as indicated by the fractal dimensions ranging from 2.845 to 2.866. The nanopore structure characteristics (i.e., SSA and PV) and methane adsorption capacity are mainly controlled by the total organic carbon (TOC) content. In addition, the mineralogical composition (i.e., the quartz and clay content) also contributes significantly to the micropore PV and gas content. The external provenance has a significant effect on the mineralogical composition, TOC content, and methane adsorption capacity. With the increasing influence of the external provenance, the biogenic quartz content decreases and the relationship between the quartz content and TOC content becomes more discrete, which indicates the change of depositional environment, and the clay content increases, which can dilute the OM concentration during the deposition and enhance the compaction potential, and it can eventually result in less gas content. The results of this study reveal the nanopore system characteristics of the Longmaxi Shale in the Zhaotong area and provide further insight into the influence of external provenance on reservoir characteristics and gas content variability of the Lower Longmaxi Shale in the southern Sichuan Basin.
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