Background: Gallbladder polyps are now increasingly detected by ultrasonography. There are many studies reporting theprevalence of gallbladder polyp, however there is no report in Jeju island. The purpose of this study is to research prevalenceand clinical characteristics of gallbladder polyps in adults living in Jeju island.Methods: We have evaluated 3,471 populations who underwent abdominal ultrasonography for health screening examinationat Jeju National University Hospital in Jeju, Korea from January 2011 to June 2012.Results: Prevalence of gallbladder polyp in Jeju island is 10.1%. Prevalence in males is 11.6% and that in females is8.2%(P<0.001). The size of gallbladder polyps mostly are less than 5mm in diameter. 216 subjects (61.5%) have single polypand 135(38.5%) subjects have multiple gallbladder polyps which means 2 or more polyps.Conclusions: The prevalence of gallbladder polyp in Jeju island has found to be higher than the pre-existing reports and theprevalence is higher in males than females. Most polyps are small and single.
생명을 가진 인간은 늘 죽음이라는 필연을 가지고 태어난다. 죽음에 대한 인식은 문화, 종교, 시대에 따라 달라질 수 있다. 현재 우리나라에서는 연명의료결정법이 제정과 개정을 통하여 사회적으로 말기환자에 대해 자기 결정권 존중이 강화되고 있고 의료진에 대한 연명의료중단에 대한 교육이 지속되고 있어 환자 및 가족들이 연명의료중단을 하는 것이 증가되는 추세이다. 실제 연명의료중단의 경우 임종과정 판단 시기와 이행서작성시기에 대한 애매모호함이 있어 의료현장에서는 혼란이 있다. 임종과정시점에 대한 정의는 법률적으로 되어 있지만 구체적이지 못한 상태로 많은 경우 연명의료계획서작성과 동시에 이행서까지 작성되는 경우가 많이 있다. 이행서 작성에 대한 시점에 대한 의견은 다양하지만 많은 경우에 이행서가 임종과정판단시점과 동일하게 작성되는 경우가 많이 있다. 또한 이행서에 있는 이행 내용이 8가지로 구성되어 있고 의사가 작성을 하지만 환자와 가족에게 환자의 정확한 질환의 정보를 충분하게 제공한 이후에 작성이 되고 있다. 환자가 의식이 있는 상태에서는 문제는 없는 경우가 대부분이지만 환자가 의식이 없는 경우에는 이행내용을 정확하게 파악이 되지 않고 막연하게 한가지라고 이행을 하지 않으면 안되는 것으로 생각되는 경우가 많고 가족간의 합의를 하지 못하는 경우에는 연명치료의 중단이나 유보에 대한 부분이 문제가 발생된다. 법적인 문제는 발생하지 않겠지만 환자의 가족에 대한 지지가 필요하며 마음의 부담을 가족들이 가지는 경우가 많아 이에 대한 서식의 변화와 가족들의 사별돌봄도 같이 고려해야 할 것이다.
The physiological effects of the non-anthocyanin fraction (NAF) in a black soybean seed coat extract on Aβ-induced oxidative stress were investigated to confirm neuroprotection. In addition, we examined the preventive effect of NAF on cognitive defects induced by the intracerebroventricular (ICV) injection of Aβ. Levels of cellular oxidative stress were measured using 2′,7′-dichlorofluorescein diacetate (DCF-DA). Neuronal cell viability was investigated by 3-(4,5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-2,5-diphenyltetrazolium bromide (MTT) and lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) assay. To investigate in vivo anti-amnesic effects of NAF by using Y-maze and passive avoidance tests, the learning and memory impairment in mice was induced by Aβ. After in vivo assays, acetylcholinesterase (AChE) activity and level of malondialdehyde (MDA) in the mouse brain were determined to confirm the cognitive effect. Individual phenolics of NAF were qualitatively analyzed by using an ultra-performance liquid chromatography (UPLC) Accurate-Mass Quadrupole Time of-Flight (Q-TOF) UPLC/MS. A NAF showed cell protective effects against oxidative stress-induced cytotoxicity. Intracellular ROS accumulated through Aβ1–40 treatment was significantly reduced in comparison to cells only treated with Aβ1–40. In MTT and LDH assay, the NAF also presented neuroprotective effects on Aβ1–40-treated cytotoxicity. Finally, the administration of this NAF in mice significantly reversed the Aβ1–40-induced cognitive defects in in vivo behavioral tests. After behavioral tests, the mice brains were collected in order to examine lipid peroxidation and AChE activity. AChE, preparation was inhibited by NAF in a dose-dependent manner. MDA generation in the brain homogenate of mice treated with the NAF was decreased. Q-TOF UPLC/MS analyses revealed three major phenolics from the non-anthocyanin fraction; epicatechin, procyanidin B1, and procyanidin B2. The results suggest that the NAF in black soybean seed coat extracts may improve the cytotoxicity of Aβ in PC12 cells, possibly by reducing oxidative stress, and also have an anti-amnesic effect on the in vivo learning and memory deficits caused by Aβ. Q-TOF UPLC/MS analyses showed three major phenolics; (-)-epicatechin, procyanidin B1, and procyanidin B2. Above results suggest that (-)-epicatechins are the major components, and contributors to the anti-amnesic effect of the NAF from black soybean seed coat.
Over the last few decades, remarkable headway has been made in Translation Studies. Interaction withother neighboring disciplines has made Translation Studies expand its field of investigation. In particular,the conceptual field of translation reached an extensive area well beyond the interlingual transfer. Yet, acomplex picture of discipline that consists of multiple approaches reveals that there is little consensusamong scholars in the field of Translation Studies. Moreover, the expansion of the notion of translationmay seem obscure the main subject of study. Given this situation, there is a greater need to undertake theepistemological reflections within the discipline.In line with this, this thesis proposes to investigate on a common ground between various theoreticalpositions on the translation activity by revisiting the points of convergence between metaphor andtranslation that are closely linked, both historically and conceptually in the domain of Western culture.For this critical and meta-theoretical analysis, the metaphor take many different forms including cognitivetool to provide the understanding of the act of translation, argumentative method to impose newtheoretical models, the object of translation, and the mirror of translation theories.
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