Haloclavidae Verrill, 1899 is a family of burrowing sea anemones grouped within the superfamily Actinioidea (Rafinesque, 1815). Currently, it includes 30 species in 10 genera. Characters given for this family in descriptions of its taxa have not been consistent, with numerous exceptions to the expectations of the familial diagnosis. Previous phylogenetic analyses have shown that Haloclavidae is potentially a polyphyletic group, but resolution of relationships of the few representatives of Haloclavidae included in analyses has been problematic. Here we address questions of monophyly and affinity of Haloclavidae using three mitochondrial and two nuclear markers. We assess the monophyly of Haloclavidae in the context of all major lineages of Actiniaria Hertwig, 1882, emphasizing diversity of superfamily Actinioidea. We use parsimony-based character optimization to interpret the distribution of key traits in the superfamily. We find that Haloclavidae is not monophyletic and propose two new families, Peachiidae fam. nov. and Harenactidae fam. nov., while also retaining some species in the family Haloclavidae, so that taxonomy better reflects relationships and diversity of the group. In addition, we redescribe a species within the newly created Peachiidae, Peachia chilensis Carlgren, 1931. We use recent larval samples obtained in Antofagasta, Chile, and the histological slides from the original description to redescribe P . chilensis , to provide a complete account of cnidae, external, and internal morphology. Finally, we compare P . chilensis to other burrowing anemones found in Chile and provide an understanding of the genus Peachia that reflects recent phylogenetic perspective on diversity of anemones previously assigned to family Haloclavidae.
This dataset contains the digitized treatments in Plazi based on the original journal article Shantti, Pavarne, Kupriyanova, Elena K., Quek, Zheng Bin Randolph, Yap, Nicholas Wei Liang, Teo, Serena Lay Ming (2021): Spirobranchus bakau sp. nov. from Singapore: yet another species of S. kraussii-complex (Polychaeta: Serpulidae). Zootaxa 5040 (1): 33-65, DOI: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5040.1.2
This dataset contains the digitized treatments in Plazi based on the original journal article Yap, Nicholas Wei Liang, Tan, Ria, Yong, Clara Lei Xin, Tan, Koh Siang, Huang, Danwei (2019): Sea anemones (Cnidaria, Actiniaria) of Singapore: redescription and taxonomy of Phymanthuspinnulatus Martens in Klunzinger, 1877. ZooKeys 840: 1-20, DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.840.31390, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.840.31390
Abstract Species boundaries delineating tropical sea anemones (Cnidaria, Actiniaria) of the zooxanthellate genus, Heteranthus Klunzinger, 1877, are unclear. There are currently two valid Heteranthus species: type species Heteranthus verruculatus Klunzinger, 1877, first reported from Koseir, Egypt, and H. insignis Carlgren, 1943, from Poulo Condore, Vietnam. In describing the latter from a single, poorly preserved specimen, zoologist Oskar Carlgren expressed apprehension with traits he had used to establish this species. Carlgren’s doubts persisted later in writing when he found a similar-looking sea anemone from the Great Barrier Reef. Crucial details to positively identify either species have since remained limited. Here, we re-diagnosed Heteranthus and re-described its type species based on observations of specimens we have obtained from Singapore and Pulau Ambon (Indonesia), and of museum material collected elsewhere across the Indo-West Pacific region (n > 180). Supported by molecular phylogenetic evidence, the family Heteranthidae Carlgren, 1900 was reinstated and re-diagnosed. Heteranthus verruculatus is encountered in the lower intertidal region amongst seagrass, in rocky crevices, or coral rubble. It occurs as solitary individuals or in clonal clusters, well-camouflaged against the substratum. Individuals were observed to frequently propagate by longitudinal fission, resulting in a varied appearance. Type material of H. verruculatus and H. insignis were re-examined and as we found no differences between them, the two were synonymised. We inferred that Carlgren probably misinterpreted cnidae and histological data in defining H. insignis as a distinct species. This revision clarifies the taxonomy and geographic range of H. verruculatus , an Indo-West Pacific species that is found from the Red Sea to subtropical Australia and Hawaii.
The sea anemone Metapeachia tropica (Panikkar, 1938), which was described from Madras, India, and belongs in family Haloclavidae, has previously been recorded in the Republic of Singapore but without details of appearance and occurrence. We rediagnose Metapeachia and redescribe M. tropica to accommodate the specimens we studied from Singapore (35 individuals were collected and others were only observed in situ); we designate a neotype for the species. A specimen has a cream-colored column, a patterned oral disc, 16 tentacles, and a conchula. Specimens of another species of Haloclavidae occur rarely in some of the same places as M. tropica in Singapore; we describe it as Synpeachia temasek new genus, new species, based on 8 individuals we collected and others that were only observed in situ. An individual has a reddish-brown column, an oral disc that can be patterned like that of M. tropica, 20 tentacles, and a conchula. We infer S. temasek may range west at least as far as Pakistan. Specimens of both differ from the type specimens of the species described from Annam, Vietnam as Peachia mira Carlgren, 1943, which we have not found in Singapore. We provide a key to some members of the Haloclavidae that differentiates the new genus.
Abstract Our understanding of how sea anemones reproduce in the equatorial Central Indo‐Pacific region remains poor compared to other marine regions. Here we report the gametogenic cycles of Phymanthus pinnulatus , a zooxanthellate sea anemone found throughout the Indo‐Pacific tropics. Observations were based on 41 individuals collected in Singapore. We found P. pinnulatus to be gonochoric, with an equal sex ratio of 1:1. Phases of oogenesis and spermatogenesis were detailed for the first time in P. pinnulatus, and were consistent with phases in other actiniarians. Females with pedal disc diameters <10 mm were found to asynchronously produce oocytes. We also found that trophonemata were associated with both oocytes and spermaries during gametogenesis. In Singapore, the periods during which gametes matured in each sex of P. pinnulatus appeared to overlap. We were unable distinguish whether spawning was annual or continuous in P. pinnulatus . Our observations on the occurrence of maturing and matured gametes in P. pinnulatus were similar to those reported for other species within the Central Indo‐Pacific. It also coincided with the multispecies spawning of scleractinian corals in Singapore. This study contributes to the growing body of work focused on the biology of tropical actiniarians in the Central Indo‐Pacific region.
This book is a production of the National Institute of Education (NIE) and stemmed from collaborative projects between the National Parks Board, Singapore and NIE (Development of a Bio-Monitoring Toolkit for Assessing Marine Habitat Health, 2010 – 2013, under the Technical Committee for the Coastal and Marine Environment (TCCME) project funds, grant number: R48213021 & Engaging Secondary School Students in Authentic Research Projects Based on an Environmental Science Theme, grant number: R59703312). This book will be used for the Marine Eco-toxicology and Biomonitoring Programme for schools, sponsored by Kose Singapore.
'/%3e%3cuse xlink:href='%23a' transform='translate(288.889 -214.211)'/%3e%3cuse xlink:href='%23a' transform='translate(108 342.749)'/%3e%3cuse xlink:href='%23a' transform='translate(469.189 342.749)'/%3e%3c/svg%3e)
'/%3e%3cuse xlink:href='%23a' transform='translate(0 -400)'/%3e%3cuse xlink:href='%23a' transform='translate(0 -600)'/%3e%3cuse xlink:href='%23a' transform='translate(0 -800)'/%3e%3cuse xlink:href='%23a' transform='translate(0 -1000)'/%3e%3cuse xlink:href='%23a' transform='translate(0 -1200)'/%3e%3cpath d='M0 0h1400v800H0z' style='fill:%23010066'/%3e%3cpath d='M576 100c-166.146 0-301 134.406-301 300s134.854 300 301 300c60.027 0 115.955-17.564 162.927-47.783-27.353 9.44-56.71 14.602-87.271 14.602-147.327 0-266.897-119.172-266.897-266.01 0-146.837 119.57-266.01 266.897-266.01 32.558 0 63.746 5.815 92.602 16.468C696.217 118.91 638.305 100 576 100z' style='fill:%23fc0'/%3e%3cpath d='m914.286 471.429-99.538-53.25 29.43 108.982-66.575-91.165-20.77 110.96-20.428-111.024-66.857 90.96L699.314 418l-99.701 52.943 74.065-85.192-112.8 4.441 103.694-44.62-103.555-44.94L673.8 305.42 600 220l99.538 53.25-29.43-108.982 66.575 91.165 20.77-110.96 20.428 111.023 66.857-90.959L814.97 273.43l99.702-52.944-74.065 85.193 112.8-4.441-103.694 44.62 103.555 44.94-112.785-4.79z' style='fill:%23fc0' transform='matrix(1.2738 0 0 1.2423 -89.443 -29.478)'/%3e%3c/svg%3e)
'%3e%3cpath fill='%23012169' d='M0 0v30h60V0z'/%3e%3cpath stroke='%23fff' stroke-width='6' d='m0 0 60 30m0-30L0 30'/%3e%3cpath stroke='%23C8102E' stroke-width='4' d='m0 0 60 30m0-30L0 30' clip-path='url(%23b)'/%3e%3cpath stroke='%23fff' stroke-width='10' d='M30 0v30M0 15h60'/%3e%3cpath stroke='%23C8102E' stroke-width='6' d='M30 0v30M0 15h60'/%3e%3c/g%3e%3c/svg%3e)