During late childhood and adolescence, the frontal lobe undergoes critical developmental changes, affecting a wide range of executive functions significantly. Conversely, abnormality in the maturation of the frontal lobe during this period may result in a limited ability to effectively use various executive functions. However, at present, it is still unclear how the structural development of the frontal lobe is associated with different aspects of executive functions during this developmental period. To fill the gap in evidence, we aimed to elucidate gray matter volume (GMV) in the frontal lobe and its relationship with multiple aspects of executive functions in late childhood and adolescence.
Abstract Background: COPD is a well-known risk factor for lung cancer, independent of smoking behavior. By investigating the retrospective National Health Insurance Service-National Sample Cohort (NHIS-NSC) in Korea, this study attempted to prove the hypothesis that COPD is a risk factor for major cancers developing outside of the lungs. We also aimed to investigate the environmental factors associated with the development of lung cancer in COPD patients. Methods: This study analyzed data from the NHIS-NSC over a 12-year period. Among the 514,795 subjects in the NHIS-NSC, 16,757 patients who were diagnosed with any cancer from 2002 to 2003 were excluded. This cohort enrolled six arms consisting of never-smokers without COPD (N=313,553), former smokers without COPD (N=41,359), smokers without COPD (N=112,627), never-smokers with COPD (N=7,789), former smokers with COPD (N=1,085), and smokers with COPD (N=2,677). Results: Incident rate of lung cancer per 100,000 person-year was higher according to smoking and COPD (216 in non-COPD and 757 in COPD among never-smokers, 271 in non-COPD and 1266 in COPD among former smokers, 394 in non-COPD and 1560 in COPD among former smokers, p<0.01). Age, male gender, lower BMI, low exercise level, smoking, and COPD were independent factors associated with the development of lung cancer (p<0.01). Multi-variable analyses showed that COPD, regardless of smoking status, contributed to the development of lung cancer, and colorectal cancer and liver cancer among other major cancers (p < 0.01). Conclusion: Our data suggested that COPD was an independent risk factor for the development of lung cancer, and colorectal cancer and liver cancer among other major cancers in the Korean population, regardless of smoking status.
Abstract Background COPD is a well-known risk factor for lung cancer, independent of smoking behavior. By investigating the retrospective National Health Insurance Service-National Sample Cohort (NHIS-NSC) in Korea, this study attempted to prove our hypothesis that COPD is a risk factor for major cancers developing outside of the lungs. We also aimed to investigate the environmental factors associated with the development of lung cancer in COPD patients. Methods This study analyzed data from the NHIS-NSC over a 12-year period. Among the 514,795 subjects in the NHIS-NSC, 20,837 patients who were diagnosed with any cancer from 2002 to 2003 were excluded. Finally, this cohort enrolled four arms, the healthy control group (N=127,884), never-smokers with COPD (N=29,799), former smokers with COPD (N=3,267), and smokers with COPD (N=8,335). Results Over a 12-year period, lung cancer developed in 1.27% of the never-smokers with COPD, 2.97% of the former smokers with COPD, and 4.79% of smokers with COPD much higher than in 0.63% of the healthy control group (p < 0.001). Multivariate analyses showed that COPD, regardless of smoking status, contributed to the development of lung cancer but was not linked with any other major cancers, including stomach cancer, colorectal cancer, liver cancer and acute myeloid leukemia (p < 0.01). Age, male gender, lower BMI, low exercise level, smoking, and COPD were independent factors associated with the development of lung cancer (p< 0.01) Conclusion Our data suggest that COPD was an independent risk factor for the development of lung cancer in the Korean population, regardless of smoking status but other major cancers were not linked with COPD.
To compare the diagnosis andtreatment rates of osteoporosis and diabetes in Korea, a nationwide database was used. The results showed that although osteoporosis management is improving, it is still lower compared with that of diabetes; thus, further efforts are needed in this regard. This study aimed to re-evaluate the diagnosis and treatment of osteoporosis from the KNHANES 2016–2017 and compare the temporal change of the rate with those of diabetes as another prevalent chronic disease in South Korea. The prevalence of osteoporosis in 2016 was estimated using the previous data classified by age groups (50–59,60–69, and ≥70years) and the 2016 Korean census data. The physician diagnosis and treatment rates of osteoporosis in adults aged ≥50years were estimated using the 2016–2017 KNHANES data. The physician diagnosis and treatment rates of diabetes were evaluated using the KNHANES 2008–2009 and 2016–2017 data. The estimated physician diagnosisrate of osteoporosis increased from 29.9% in females and 5.8% in males in 2008–2009 to 62.8% in females and 22.8% in males in 2016–2017. The treatment rate for the estimated total number of patients with osteoporosis increased from 14.4% in females and 3.8% in males in 2008–2009 to 32.2% in females and 9.0% in males in 2016–2017. An increasing trend in the estimated treatment rateof physician-diagnosed osteoporosis patients was not observed (48.3% [2008–2009] vs 51.5% [2016–2017] in females; 42.6% [2008–2009] vs 42.2% [2016–2017] in males). The physician diagnosis and treatment rates of diabetes were considerably better and more stable than those of osteoporosis. Osteoporosis management in South Korea is improving but is insufficient compared with diabetes management. More extensive efforts are needed to improve the diagnosis and treatment rates of osteoporosis.
Background: Depression and anxiety are the most common comorbid psychiatric disorders in the elderly. Psychiatrists have been reporting worsened depression symptoms and prognosis by comorbid anxiety symptoms. However, it is still unclear how anxiety affects the course of depression in the elderly. The aims of this study are (1) to identify the symptom network in late-life depression (LLD), and (2) to examine the role of anxiety in LLD with a network perspective. Methods: The study analyzed 776 community-based participants who were clinically diagnosed with depression and enrolled in Suwon Geriatric Mental Health Center. Network analysis was used to investigate the relationships between the symptoms of the Montgomery-Åsberg Depression Rating Scale (MADRS). The depression sample was divided into groups of low and high anxiety according to the Beck Anxiety Index. Propensity score matching (PSM) was used to minimize the effects of depression severity on the network. Network comparison test (NCT) were carried out to compare the global connectivity, global strength, and specific edge strength between the two subgroups. Results: Reported sadness, pessimistic thinking, and suicidal ideation are the core symptoms of LLD in terms of node strength. The MADRS sum score [mean (SD) 28.10 (9.19) vs 20.08 (7.11); P < .01] was much higher in the high anxiety group. The NCT before PSM showed the high anxiety group had significantly higher global strength (P < .01). However, the NCT after PSM did not reveal any statistical significance both in global structure (P = .46) and global strength (P = .26). A comparison between centrality indices showed a higher node strength of vegetative symptoms in the high anxiety group and this also remained after PSM. Conclusion: Based on the statistical analysis, anxiety worsens the severity of depression in the elderly. However, NCT after PSM revealed comorbid anxiety does not change the global structure and strength of the depression symptom network. Therefore, anxiety may affect LLD in a way of worsening the severity, rather than changing psychopathology. Additionally, the study revealed the centrality of vegetative symptoms was low in LLD but increased substantially in patients with comorbid anxiety.
Background: Impaired pulmonary function is associated with systemic inflammation and subsequent cardiovascular co-morbidities. However, little is known about the association between cardiovascular co-morbidities and pulmonary function impairment in non-smokers. Hence, this study investigated the clinical features of cardiovascular co-morbidities according to the presence of COPD or restrictive abnormality in non-smokers. Methods: This study was performed in non-smokers (age ≥ 40 years, 14,018 subjects of normal control, 1,358 patients with COPD, 2,027 patients with restrictive group) of Korean National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey who underwent spirometry, health survey, and laboratory tests from 2007 to 2016. Results: Compared to normal control, restrictive group and COPD had older age (55.3 ± 0.1, 60.1 ± 0.4, 65.7 ± 0.4 years), lower education and income levels, and higher co-morbidities rates (diabetes mellitus : 0.34%, 1.36%, 1.21%, hypertension : 0.54%, 1.47%, 1.70%, hypercholesterolemia : 0.44%, 1.29%, 1.50%) (all p-values <0.001). Compared to normal control, the prevalence of coronary artery disease (0.23%, 1.15%, 1.10%) and cerebrovascular stroke (0.32%, 1.28%, 1.14%) was higher in restrictive group and COPD (p<0.001). Multivariate analysis showed that restrictive group along with older age, diabetes mellitus, and higher body mass index was independently associated with coronary artery disease in non-smokers (p<0.05). Conclusion: The prevalence of cardiovascular comorbidities in non-smokers was higher in restrictive group and COPD, compared to normal control. Restrictive group was independently associated with coronary artery disease in non-smokers.
'%3e%3cg id='b'%3e%3cpath id='a' stroke='%23000' stroke-width='2' d='M-6-25H6m-12 3H6m-12 3H6'/%3e%3cuse xlink:href='%23a' y='44'/%3e%3c/g%3e%3cpath stroke='%23fff' d='M0 17v10'/%3e%3ccircle r='12' fill='%23cd2e3a'/%3e%3cpath fill='%230047a0' d='M0-12A6 6 0 0 0 0 0a6 6 0 0 1 0 12 12 12 0 0 1 0-24z'/%3e%3c/g%3e%3cg transform='rotate(-123.69)'%3e%3cuse xlink:href='%23b'/%3e%3cpath stroke='%23fff' d='M0-23.5v3M0 17v3.5m0 3v3'/%3e%3c/g%3e%3c/svg%3e)