Surface modification of yttria-stabilized tetragonal zirconia polycrystals (Y-TZP) using lasers for adhesion enhancement with resin-matrix cement has been increasingly explored. However, Y-TZP is chemically inert and non-reactive, demanding surface modification using alternative approaches to enhance its bond strength to resin-matrix cements. The main aim of this study was to conduct an integrative review on the influence of ultrashort pulse laser patterning of zirconia (3Y-TZP) for enhanced bonding to resin-matrix cements. An electronic search was performed on web of science, SCOPUS, Pubmed/Medline, Google Scholar and EMBASE using a combination of the following search items: zirconia, 3Y-TZP, surface modification, laser surface treatment, AND laser, ultrashortpulse laser, bonding, adhesion, and resin cement. Articles published in the English language, up to January 2022, were included regarding the influence of surface patterning on bond strength of Y-TZP to resin-matrix cements. Out of the 12 studies selected for the present review 10 studies assessed femtosecond lasers while 2 studies assessed picosecond lasers. Ultrashort pulsed laser surface patterning successfully produced different surface morphological aspects without damaging the bulk properties of zirconia. Contrarily, defects such as micro-cracks occurs after surface modification using traditional methods such as grit-blasting or long-pulsed laser patterning. Ultrashort pulsed laser surface patterning increase bond strength of zirconia to resin-matrix cements and therefore such alternative physical method should be considered in dentistry. Also, surface defects were avoided using ultrashort pulsed laser surface patterning, which become the major advantage when compared with traditional physical methods or long pulse laser patterning.
At Erasama block, a part of the coastal waterlogged area in Jagat singhpur district of Orissa, which has been severely damaged by super cyclone, a number of micro water resources in the fonn of sub surface water harvesting structure (SSWHS) was constructed on participatory basis, each catering to agroup of resourcepoorfanner. The Costofthe structuresvariedfrom Rs. 9.5l1m3 to Rs. 16.80/m3 of water storage. The recharge rate from the SSWHS varied from 1.58 m3/hr to 4.7 m3/hr in the sandy zone and from 1.01 m3/hr to 3.4 m3/hr in the clayey zone. Income from fish per cubic meter capacity of SSWHS varied from Rs. 2.96/- to Rs.12.23/-. By following integrated farming system approach total income varied from Rs. 12.93 to Rs.47.20 per m3 capacity in the first year itself. The Beratio varied from 0.67 to 2.3 and water productivity varied from Rs. 8.87 to Rs. 47.99 per m3. Hence micro water resource development and management in coastal waterlogged area is sustainable and profitable through the adoption of integrated farming system approach.
Acid soils affect nutrient uptake, water footprints and nitrogen use efficiency directly or indirectly by influencing the availability of plant nutrients, crop growth, biomass and yield. Thus, the maintenance and management of acid soils are very much important to obtain higher productivity and in turn to reduce water footprint of the crop on sustainable basis. In this study, possibility of using low cost liming materials like paper mill sludge (PMS) to ameliorate acid soil was investigated and its impacts on productivity, farm level water footprint and nutrient uptake of groundnut were assessed under tropical monsoon climate of eastern India. The PMS used in this study contained 32.5% calcium carbonate which was applied at different rates viz., 20, 30, 40, 50 and 60% of lime requirements (LR), 4–5 weeks before sowing of the crop and results were compared with the control (no lime treatment, 0% LR). The PMS was found to be useful to enhance the soil pH, nutrient uptake, biomass, leaf area and yield and reduced water footprints of groundnut production significantly when it was applied up to 50% LR. However, no significant differences on these parameters were observed when PMS was applied above 50% LR.
In the present in vitro study, we evaluated the adhesion of an injectable platelet-rich fibrin (i-PRF) to laser-textured zirconia surfaces and their resultant friction behavior against bone tissue. Three types of zirconia surfaces were compared regarding the i-PRF coating effects: 1) grit blasted with 250-μm spherical alumina particles and acid etched with 20% hydrofluoric acid (ZLA), 2) laser textured with a random (RD) surface pattern, or 3) laser textured with a designed pattern based on 16 lines and 8 passages (L16N8). The coefficient of friction (COF) of the specimens was assessed on a reciprocating sliding pin-on-plate tribometer at 1-N normal load, 1 Hz, and a 2-mm stroke length. Sliding wear tests were carried out against bovine femoral bone tissue in 0.9% sodium chloride solution at room temperature. Surfaces were then assessed by scanning electron microscopy. COF mean values for test groups (0.35, ZLA; 0.45, L16N8) were lower when compared with the control groups (0.52, ZLA; 0.60, L16N8), with the exception of the RD group (0.47, test; 0.43, control). Results did not show significant differences in COF mean values between RD and L16N8 surfaces after coating with i-PRF. The 3-dimensional fibrin network embedded with leukocytes, platelets, and red blood cells was responsible for decreasing COF mean values over the zirconia surfaces, thus providing a lubricant effect. Also, the morphologic aspects of the laser-treated zirconia surfaces increased the adhesion of the platelet-rich fibrin, which could speed up the osseointegration process of zirconia implants.
The climatic data for 40 years from 1978 to 2017 of the rainfed tropical islands of South Andaman district of Andaman and Nicobar group of islands were analyzed to find out effective rainfall and evapotranspiration. These values were used to calculate the monthly climatic index. The 80% dependable monthly climatic index was correlated with crop coefficient. The total cropping period was determined as 246 days commencing from May to end of December. Crops with more water demand having higher Kc dev, Kc mid and Kc end values were proposed from May onwards to the end of September, and crops with less water demand having lower Kc dev, Kc mid and Kc end values were proposed from October onwards. Based on it a feasible and sustainable set of 54 nos. of cropping sequences were suggested for the study area.
This paper presents the design and real time implementation of Fuzzy logic control(FLC) for the control of the position of a ferromagnetic ball by manipulating the current flowing in an electromagnet that changes the magnetic field acting on the ball. This system is highly nonlinear and open loop unstable. Many un-measurable disturbances are also acting on the system, making the control of it highly complex but interesting for any researcher in control system domain. First the system is modelled using the fundamental laws, which gives a nonlinear equation. The nonlinear model is then linearized at an operating point. Fuzzy logic controller is designed after studying the system in closed loop under PID control action. The controller is then implemented in real time using Simulink real time environment. The controller is tuned manually to get a stable and robust performance. The set point tracking performance of FLC and PID controllers were compared and analyzed.
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