An attempt was made to determine roughness length z 0 and zero‐plane displacement height d 0 from single level turbulence measurements over a complex area in tropical monsoon environment where standard procedures to derive those parameters were found difficult to apply. The value of d 0 was derived from the nondimensional standard deviation of temperature ϕ θ and of vertical wind speed ϕ w by making use of the fact that ϕ θ and ϕ w versus atmospheric stability relationship is sensitive to the d 0 value, by following and by extending the proposal of Rotach [1994] . This method was applied to the two turbulence data sets obtained at 30 and 60 m above a complex terrain in central part of Thailand, and they produced d 0 = 15.7 m. However, investigations into the accuracy of the d 0 value obtainable by this method have revealed that it is probably of the order of meters and thus a simultaneous application of the method to both vertical wind speed and temperature data are recommended to allow an intercomparison of the derived d 0 values to enhance the reliability of the result. The z 0 value was also determined from the single level turbulence data by a method in which the z 0 value that produced the best agreement of the friction velocity values obtained from the eddy correlation method and those from a wind profile equation with the derived d 0 value, the given value of z 0 and single level wind speed data, was selected. This method is not very sensitive to the exact value of d 0 and z 0 = 0.31 m was obtained. Overall, single level turbulence data were found useful to evaluate roughness parameters of a complex area.
A comparison was made between temperature and humidity profiles obtained from radiosonde measurements under unstable conditions over hilly terrain in northeastern Kansas during the summer and fall of 1987. The summer profiles were found to be similar in a layer over the height range given by 65(±45)m≤z;≤124(±54) m where z is the height above the ground surface reference level. Evidence for this similarity was the closeness of the scaled ratio of the temperature and humidity gradients at any given time to the mean Bowen ratio determined at ground-based surface flux stations. Between this layer and the ground surface some similarity was observed in the profiles but it was not manifested as strongly. Above the layer, in the outer region of the atmospheric boundary layer it was found that the profiles of humidity and potential temperature are completely dissimilar in terms of the surface Bowen ratio. The profiles of the fall campaign when soil moisture content was low and vegetation senescent displayed a less pronounced similarity.
The spatial variability of the lake surface energy balance and its causes are not well-understood. Energy balance maps (90 m resolution) of Lake Kasumigaura (172 km2), Japan, obtained by interpolating station data and bulk equations, allowed an investigation of these issues. Due to lake-scale variations in meteorological variables and small-scale fluctuations of surface temperature, Ts, surface heat fluxes differed horizontally at two distinct scales, while radiative fluxes were more uniform. As the key variable to surface flux Ts was only homogeneous for directions with a longer fetch or under calm wind conditions. Using these findings, the suitability of two flux station locations, one at the centre of the lake and another within a cove, was considered. Although both locations satisfied the fetch requirements, Ts was not always found to be homogeneous in the cove, making this location less suitable for flux measurements, an issue that, to date, has been overlooked.
The Flint Hills region in eastern Kansas is characterized by strongly dissected rolling to hilly terrain with on average about 25 m of relief between steep ridges and valleys, and with ridges typically separated by distances of the order of 600 m. Intensive radiosonde observations during summer and fall of 1987 allowed the determination of some aspects of the wind regime in the region. For an assumed ground‐surface reference of 330 m above sea level (asl), analysis of neutral profiles yielded a value z 0 = 1.05(±0.51) m, approximately; this value was obtained with an assumed displacement height d 0 = 25.7z 0 , as suggested by the density of the terrain roughness. The corresponding logarithmic law was found to hold over the height range 50(±19) m < z − d 0 < 202(±101) m (where z is above the same ground surface level). Good agreement (r = 0.92) was obtained between the u * values derived from these wind profiles and values determined independently from the corresponding humidity profiles. Some large wind speeds were observed; for instance, the resulting mean surface shear stress was u * = 0.82(±0.24) m/s.
Annual trends in baseflow and groundwater storage over the past 40years are deduced from stream flow observations in four upland catchments in the northern parts of the Kanto region. The analysis is based on the assumption that baseflow is an exponential decay function of time, which yields a linear relationship between storage and baseflow. These catchments are part of the water supply system for the Greater Tokyo metropolitan area, and groundwater constitutes an integral component of their storage capacity. Although the data exhibit great variability from year to year, no evidence was found that any persistent or systematic changes in low streamflow regime and in groundwater storage have taken place in this region over the period of record.
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