Sivacarendran Balendhran

University of Melbourne

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Sumeet Walia

RMIT University

Sharath Sriram

ARC Centre of Excellence for Transformative Meta-Optical Systems

Madhu Bhaskaran

Northwell Health

Kenneth B. Crozier

ARC Centre of Excellence for Transformative Meta-Optical Systems

Kourosh Kalantar‐zadeh

UNSW Sydney

Taimur Ahmed

RMIT University

Serge Zhuiykov

Ghent University Global Campus

Jian Zhen Ou

Southwest Jiaotong University

James Bullock

University of Melbourne

Vipul Bansal

RMIT University

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RMIT University

103

MIT University

University of Melbourne

Australian Research Council

Australian National University

RMIT Europe

ARC Centre of Excellence for Transformative Meta-Optical Systems

Monash University

University of California, Berkeley

Materials Science & Engineering

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Instant‐in‐Air Liquid Metal Printed Ultrathin Tin Oxide for High‐Performance Ammonia Sensors

Advanced Functional Materials (2023)

Chung Kim Nguyen Patrick D. Taylor Ali Zavabeti Hamidah Alluhaybi Samira Almalki

Abstract Liquid metal‐based printing techniques are emerging as an exemplary platform for harvesting non‐layered 2D materials with a thickness down to a few nanometres, leading to an ultra‐large surface‐area‐to‐volume ratio that is ideal for sensing applications. In this work, the synthesis of 2D tin dioxide (SnO 2 ) by exfoliating the surface oxide of molten tin is reported which highlights the enhanced sensing capability of the obtained materials to ammonia (NH 3 ) gas is reported. It is demonstrated that amperometric gas sensors based on liquid metal‐derived 2D SnO 2 nanosheets can achieve excellent NH 3 sensing performance at low temperature (150 °C) with and without UV light assistance. Detection over a wide range of NH 3 concentrations (5–500 ppm) is observed, revealing a limit of detection at the parts per billion (ppb) level. The 2D SnO 2 nanosheets also feature excellent cross‐interference performance toward different organic and inorganic gas species, showcasing a high selectivity. Further, ab initio DFT calculations reveal the NH 3 adsorption mechanism is dominated by chemisorption with a charge transfer into 2D SnO 2 nanosheets. In addition, a proof of concept for prototype flexible ammonia sensors is demonstrated by depositing 2D SnO 2 on a polyimide substrate, signifying the high potential of employing liquid metal printed SnO 2 for realizing wearable gas sensors.

Tin oxide

Chemisorption

Tin dioxide

10.1002/adfm.202309342

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Citations (17)

Improved Efficiency in WSe₂ Solar Cells Using Amorphous InO_x Heterocontacts

ACS Nano (2024)

Shifan Wang Di Yan J. Michel Alexander Corletto Ary Anggara Wibowo

van der Waals (vdW) layered materials have been shown to have excellent optoelectronic properties relevant to photovoltaics. Despite their promise, the demonstrated efficiencies of vdW material solar cells remain low and are seldom supported by statistics or spectral quantum efficiency analysis. In this study, we utilize a p-type WSe2 absorber, forming a solar cell with a transparent front InOx electron contact, and a rear Pd reflector/hole contact. We fabricate multiple devices providing statistics for 10 devices with an average 1 sun conversion efficiency above 5%, among which a champion efficiency of 6.37% is achieved. This is the highest AM 1.5G 1 sun efficiency reported for a vdW material solar cell, with a current density supported by external quantum efficiency analysis. This cell is also shown to have near unity quantum efficiency around λ = 600 nm. This work provides support to vdW materials being considered as serious candidates for future thin-film solar cells.

Quantum Efficiency

10.1021/acsnano.4c06525

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Citations (1)

Compact Chemical Identifier Based on Plasmonic Metasurface Integrated with Microbolometer Array

Laser & Photonics Review (2022)

Jiajun Meng Luke Weston Sivacarendran Balendhran Dandan Wen Jasper J. Cadusch

Abstract The identification of chemicals from their mid‐infrared spectra has applications that include industrial production of chemicals, food production, pharmaceutical manufacturing, and environmental monitoring. This is generally done using laboratory benchtop tools, such as the Fourier transform infrared spectrometer. Although such systems offer high performance, alternative platforms offering reduced size, weight, and cost can enable a host of new applications, e.g. in consumer personal electronics. Here a compact microspectrometer platform for chemical identification, comprising a mid‐infrared metasurface integrated with a lightweight (≈1 g) and very small (≈1 cm 3 ) microbolometer‐based thermal camera is experimentally demonstrated. A machine learning algorithm is trained to analyze the microspectrometer output and classify chemicals based on their mid‐infrared fingerprints. High accuracy identification of four liquid chemicals, concentration quantification of ethyl lactate in cyclohexane down to subpercentage levels, and the classification of food and drug samples is demonstrated.

Microbolometer

Identification

10.1002/lpor.202100436

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Citations (20)

Longwave Infrared Photoresponse in Copper 7,7,8,8-tetracyano-2,3,5,6-tetraflouroquinodimethane (CuTCNQF₄)

Sivacarendran Balendhran Aviraj Ingle Wei Yan Nima Sefidmooye Azar Hyung‐Jin Kim

The detection of light in the longwave infrared (LWIR) region is crucial for many applications such as environmental monitoring, thermal imaging and surveillance. Many commercial LWIR photodetectors involve complex fabrication processes, require cryogenic temperatures or exhibit slow photoresponse. Hence, there is a continuous pursuit of developing room-temperature, on-chip LWIR photodetectors, using simple fabrication processes [1] . Metal-organic charge transfer complexes typically have a narrow bandgap, which allows them to absorb LWIR wavelengths [2] . Here, we report room temperature LWIR photoresponse in one such charge transfer complex, ie. copper 7,7,8,8-tetracyano-2,3,5,6-tetraflouroquinodimethane (CuTCNQF 4 ), achieved via simple synthesis and fabrication processes.

Longwave

10.1109/cleo/europe-eqec52157.2021.9542629

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Monocrystalline Antimonene Nanosheets via Physical Vapor Deposition

Advanced Materials Interfaces (2020)

Sruthi Kuriakose Shubhendra Kumar Jain Sherif Abdulkader Tawfik Michelle J. S. Spencer Billy J. Murdoch

Abstract Among the family of elemental 2D materials, antimonene is predicted to have a desirable combination of bandgap tunability and exceptional physical properties. However, there is a lack of a facile synthesis technique to prepare high‐quality antimonene with large aspect ratios on standard SiO 2 substrates, hindering wide scale exploration of this material. Here, a physical vapor deposition process to controllably achieve millimeter‐scale, β‐phase, monocrystalline antimonene nanosheets on a SiO 2 dielectric substrate is reported. The temperature gradient across the deposition tube is exploited to realize either large‐area nanosheets or single antimonene crystals on‐demand. The composition and quality of the nanosheets and crystals is assessed using spectroscopy, diffraction, and microscopy techniques which suggest the formation of the β‐phase allotrope. The band structure of as‐synthesized nanosheets which matches the theoretically calculated values is experimentally extracted. Finally, contrary to earlier reports, the oxidation of antimonene under ambient conditions over a period of time indicating the need for further experimental studies of the material's stability is revealed. The reported controllable growth of antimonene nanosheets and single crystals on conventional dielectric substrates opens a spectrum of possible applications of this material in electronics and optoelectronics devices.

Deposition

10.1002/admi.202001678

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Citations (20)

Engineering electrodeposited ZnO films and their memristive switching performance

Physical Chemistry Chemical Physics (2013)

Ahmad Sabirin Zoolfakar Rosmalini Ab Kadir Rozina Abdul Rani Sivacarendran Balendhran Xinjun Liu

We report the influence of zinc oxide (ZnO) seed layers on the performance of ZnO-based memristive devices fabricated using an electrodeposition approach. The memristive element is based on a sandwich structure using Ag and Pt electrodes. The ZnO seed layer is employed to tune the morphology of the electrodeposited ZnO films in order to increase the grain boundary density as well as construct highly ordered arrangements of grain boundaries. Additionally, the seed layer also assists in optimizing the concentration of oxygen vacancies in the films. The fabricated devices exhibit memristive switching behaviour with symmetrical and asymmetrical hysteresis loops in the absence and presence of ZnO seed layers, respectively. A modest concentration of oxygen vacancy in electrodeposited ZnO films as well as an increase in the ordered arrangement of grain boundaries leads to higher switching ratios in Ag/ZnO/Pt devices.

Hysteresis

10.1039/c3cp44451a

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Citations (55)

The anodized crystalline WO3 nanoporous network with enhanced electrochromic properties

Nanoscale (2012)

Jian Zhen Ou Sivacarendran Balendhran Matthew R. Field Dougal G. McCulloch Ahmad Sabirin Zoolfakar

We demonstrate that a three dimensional (3D) crystalline tungsten trioxide (WO(3)) nanoporous network, directly grown on a transparent conductive oxide (TCO) substrate, is a suitable working electrode material for high performance electrochromic devices. This nanostructure, with achievable thicknesses of up to 2 μm, is prepared at room temperature by the electrochemical anodization of a RF-sputtered tungsten film deposited on a fluoride doped tin oxide (FTO) conductive glass, under low applied anodic voltages and mild chemical dissolution conditions. For the crystalline nanoporous network with thicknesses ranging from 0.6 to 1 μm, impressive coloration efficiencies of up to 141.5 cm(2) C(-1) are achieved by applying a low coloration voltage of -0.25 V. It is also observed that there is no significant degradation of the electrochromic properties of the porous film after 2000 continuous coloration-bleaching cycles. The remarkable electrochromic characteristics of this crystalline and nanoporous WO(3) are mainly ascribed to the combination of a large surface area, facilitating increased intercalation of protons, as well as excellent continuous and directional paths for charge transfer and proton migration in the highly crystalline material.

Nanoporous

Tungsten trioxide

Tin oxide

Electrochromic devices

Anodizing

10.1039/c2nr31203d

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Citations (181)

Field Effect Biosensing Platform Based on 2D α-MoO₃

ACS Nano (2013)

Sivacarendran Balendhran Sumeet Walia Manal M. Y. A. Alsaif Emily P. Nguyen Jian Zhen Ou

Electrical-based biosensing platforms offer ease of fabrication and simple sensing solutions. Recently, two-dimensional (2D) semiconductors have been proven to be excellent for the fabrication of field effect transistors (FETs) due to their large transconductance, which can be efficiently used for developing sensitive bioplatforms. We present a 2D molybdenum trioxide (MoO3) FET based biosensing platform, using bovine serum albumin as a model protein. The conduction channel is a nanostructured film made of 2D α-MoO3 nanoflakes, with the majority of nanoflake thicknesses being equal to or less than 2.8 nm. The response time is impressively low (less than 10 s), which is due to the high permittivity of the 2D α-MoO3 nanoflakes. The system offers a competitive solution for future biosensing applications.

Molybdenum trioxide

Transconductance

10.1021/nn403241f

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Citations (167)

Smart mid-infrared metasurface microspectrometer gas sensing system

Microsystems & Nanoengineering (2024)

Jiajun Meng Sivacarendran Balendhran Ylias M. Sabri Suresh K. Bhargava Kenneth B. Crozier

Abstract Smart, low-cost and portable gas sensors are highly desired due to the importance of air quality monitoring for environmental and defense-related applications. Traditionally, electrochemical and nondispersive infrared (IR) gas sensors are designed to detect a single specific analyte. Although IR spectroscopy-based sensors provide superior performance, their deployment is limited due to their large size and high cost. In this study, a smart, low-cost, multigas sensing system is demonstrated consisting of a mid-infrared microspectrometer and a machine learning algorithm. The microspectrometer is a metasurface filter array integrated with a commercial IR camera that is consumable-free, compact ( ~ 1 cm 3 ) and lightweight ( ~ 1 g). The machine learning algorithm is trained to analyze the data from the microspectrometer and predict the gases present. The system detects the greenhouse gases carbon dioxide and methane at concentrations ranging from 10 to 100% with 100% accuracy. It also detects hazardous gases at low concentrations with an accuracy of 98.4%. Ammonia can be detected at a concentration of 100 ppm. Additionally, methyl-ethyl-ketone can be detected at its permissible exposure limit (200 ppm); this concentration is considered low and nonhazardous. This study demonstrates the viability of using machine learning with IR spectroscopy to provide a smart and low-cost multigas sensing platform.

10.1038/s41378-024-00697-2

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Citations (8)

Helicity-selective Raman scattering from in-plane anisotropic α-MoO3

Applied Physics Letters (2021)

Shahzad Akhtar Ali Abdullah Irfan Aishani Mazumder Sivacarendran Balendhran Taimur Ahmed

Hyperbolic crystals, such as α-MoO3, can support large wavevectors and photon density as compared to the commonly used dielectric crystals, which makes them a highly desirable platform for compact photonic devices. The extreme anisotropy of the dielectric constant in these crystals is intricately linked with the anisotropic character of the phonons, which along with photon confinement leads to the rich physics of phonon polaritons. However, the chiral nature of phonons in these hyperbolic crystals have not been studied in detail. In this study, we report our observations of helicity selective Raman scattering from flakes of α-MoO3. Both helicity-preserving and helicity-reversing Raman scattering are observed. Our studies reveal that helical selectivity is largely governed by the underlying crystal symmetry. This study shed light on the chiral character of the high symmetry phonons in these hyperbolic crystals. It paves the way for exploiting proposed schemes of coupling chiral phonon modes into propagating surface plasmon polaritons and realizing compact photonic circuits based on helical polarized light.

Helicity

10.1063/5.0064464

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Citations (12)