In a recent revision of the genus Agaricus, A. section Xanthodermatei was split into two sections A. sect. Hondenses and A. sect. Xanthodermatei. Our objectives were to investigate the species diversity of both sections in Pakistan and to give an overview of the major clades. Phylogenetic analyses based on the combined nucLSU, ITS and TEF1 dataset from 35 specimens of both sections revealed three major clades. Analyses based on ITS dataset and 106 specimens, including 33 from Pakistan, reveal eight new species and one new record species. These nine species are described in detail. It is noteworthy that intraspecific variability as well as interspecific variability between closely related species were very low in ITS sequences in many cases. In the case of the two new species A. xanthochromaticus and A. griseovariegatus, TEF1 sequence data were much more efficient than ITS to distinguish these species from each other. The other new species are A. atroumbonatus, A. fumidicolor, A. macropeplus, A. parviniveus, A. swaticus and A. bambusetorum. The latter is the only new species of A. sect. Hondenses in which it is morphologically atypical and also the unique (sub)tropical species. Agaricus gregariomyces is recorded for the first time in Pakistan. In addition, brief descriptions are provided not only for A. bisporiticus, A. endoxanthus and A. punjabensis, which are reported again in Pakistan, but also for A. californicus, which is reported for the first time in Spain and outside North America. In total 12 species of both sections were reported in Pakistan and half of them were from subtropical climatic areas, underlining the contribution of the climatic diversity to the high species richness in this country.
We present a comprehensive nrITS phylogeny of the genus Volvariella, with a focus on European species. Detailed descriptions and nomenclatural and taxonomic comments are provided for fourteen Volvariella species originally described from Europe (V. bombycina, V. caesiotincta, V. clavocystidiata, V. dunensis, V. hypopithys, V. latispora, V. murinella, V. pusilla, V. reidii, V. strangulata, V. surrecta, V. taylorii, V. terrea, and V. volvacea). Fourteen European species are described as new: V. cordispora, V. cryptica, V. deceptiva, V. glaucocephala, V. globifera, V. graminicola, V. izmirensis, V. mediterranea, V. neoparvula, V. nodosicystis, V. pilosipilea, V. ranulicystis, V. siquieri, and V. sylvipraticola. Full descriptions and illustrations are provided for all species.
Abstract: The posssibility that Agaricus subtestaceus Batsch and A. testaceus Fr. may predate any modern species of the genus Hebeloma was explored through a careful study of the protologues and the range of their possible interpretations, of the historically relevant interpretations offered over the years, together with an evaluation of the nomenclatural status of the names. After designating a lectotype for the two taxa, it is concluded that, since the protologues are open to conflicting interpretations, and the lack of original material (specimens) of both taxa makes it impossible to resolve satisfactorily the interpretative conflicts, it is advisable to avoid adopting such names.
Riassunto: La possibilita che Agaricus subtestaceus Batsch ed A. testaceus Fr. possano antedatare specie moderne del genere Hebeloma e stata presa in seria considerazione per mezzo di un attento studio dei protologhi e delle loro possibili interpretazioni, delle interpretazioni storicamente rilevanti apparse nel corso degli anni e di una valutazione dello status nomenclaturale dei due nomi. Dopo la designazione di un lectotypus per i due taxa, si conclude che, dato che entrambi i protologhi sono suscettibili di interpretazioni confliggenti e dato che l’assenza di materiale originale (campioni d’erbario) di entrambi non rende possibile una soddisfacente risoluzione dei conflitti interpretativi, e consigliabile evitare di utilizzare tali nomi.
The genus Agaricus is known for its medicinal and edible species but also includes toxic species that belong to section Xanthodermatei. Previous phylogenetic reconstruction for temperate species, based on sequence data of nuc rRNA gene (rDNA) internal transcribed spacers (ITS), has revealed two major groups in this section and a possible third lineage for A. pseudopratensis. Recent research in Agaricus has shown that classifications need improving with the addition of tropical taxa. In this study we add new tropical collections to section Xanthodermatei. We describe three species from collections made in Pakistan and Thailand and include them in a larger analysis using all available ITS data for section Xanthodermatei. Agaricus bisporiticus sp. nov. and A. fuscopunctatus sp. nov. are introduced based on molecular and morphological studies, whereas A. microvolvatulus is recorded for the first time in Asia. Specimens from Thailand however have a much larger pileus than the type specimens from Congo. In maximum likelihood (ML) and maximum parsimony (MP) phylogenetic analyses these three species cluster with A. pseudopratensis from the Mediterranean area and A. murinocephalus recently described from Thailand. In Agaricus section Xanthodermatei this new group is monophyletic and receives low bootstrap support whereas the two previously known groups receive strong support. Within the new group, the most closely related species share some traits, but we did not find any unifying morphological character; however the five species of the group share a unique short nucleotide sequence. Two putatively toxic species of section Xanthodermatei are now recognized in Pakistan and six in Thailand.
Agaricus subgenus Spissicaules is widely distributed in the world. In this study, 114 specimens were included in multigene phylogenetic analyses that allowed a better circumscription of the four sections in A. subg. Spissicaules. Three new species from China, A. brunneovariabilis, A. beijingensis, and A. planiceps, are described and placed in different sections. The invalidly described A. catenariocystidiosus is validated here as an additional new species. Comparisons between the sequences of the three closely related species A. thiersii, A. parasubrutilescens, and A. linzhiensis support the distinction between these three species despite the paraphyly of A. linzhiensis, which results from its high intraspecific variability with numerous heteromorphisms.
AbstractOngoing field and laboratory studies have led to our recognition of new taxa in Agaricus section Bivelares, a recent combination and now the earliest synonym and correct name of section Duploannulati. Agaricus cupressophilus and A. tlaxcalensis, in the new Agaricus subsection Cupressorum, and A. agrinferus, A. devoniensis subsp. bridghamii, and A. subsubensis in Agaricus subsection Hortenses, are described. Agaricus subfloccosus is lectotypified. Phylogeny reconstruction methods with ITS1+2 DNA sequences were used to determine appropriate placements of the new taxa. Collectively these new taxa and phylogenetic associations represent a substantial augmentation and clarification of our knowledge of section Bivelares; described, sequenced species-level taxa in the northern hemisphere are increased from six to 10, a distinct subsectional lineage is revealed and infraspecific resolution within A. devoniensis is improved. An anomalous ITS1+2 sequence is documented in one collection of A. subsubensis. Preliminary data on another novel member of Bivelares from France also are provided. Several of these taxa are rare, highlighting opportunities and challenges for documenting biodiversity in this group. Additional comments on related taxa treated in recentPUBLICations are also provided.Keywordsbutton mushroomcultivationCupressusITS sequence evolutionphylogenytaxonomy We thank D. Arora, P. Arrillaga, P. Boisselet, A. Caballero, K. Chadwick, M. Contu, J. Guinberteau, G. Maddalena, G. Mata, A.D. Mitchell, M. Moinard, D. Murietta, A. Mua, C. Ovrebo, K. Peterson, G. Pickett, S. Rextoueix, M. Shaw, J. Sparks, F. Stevens and A. Tancrède, and the Colorado Mycological Society, for specimens, cultures and/or collecting assistance. J. Guinberteau provided Fig. 3 and other assistance. Advice on Latin and translations were provided by G. Heuclin, R. Halling and J. Santos. Some sequences were kindly provided by M. Challen and J.-P. Xu. P. Callac acknowledges ECOS-Nord and ANUIES (M06A01 Franco-Mexican program) and the BRG (Bureau des Ressources Génétiques, program No. 51, 2007/2008) for financial support.
This species is characterized by its black basidiomata whose hymenophore is vein-like, a sweet fruity smell and lack of clamp connections.This concept is currently accepted unanimously and is in complete agreement with Persoon's specimens kept at L (Donk in Persoonia 5: 268.
Agaricus murinocephalus is described and illustrated as a new species. This taxon, presently known only from Thailand, is characterized by a context that generally does not discolor on exposure, the lack of a phenolic odor, a cap covered by very fine, appressed, dark grey squamules outside the grey disc on a whitish background, and a broken collar-like annulus. Agaricus endoxanthus , previously reported from South America, Europe, and Asia, is recorded for the first time in Thailand. Morphological and published molecular analyses place both taxa in A . sect. Xanthodermatei based on.