Frontal fibrosing alopecia (FFA) is a recently described inflammatory and scarring type of hair loss affecting almost exclusively women. Despite a dramatic recent increase in incidence the aetiopathogenesis of FFA remains unknown. We undertake genome-wide association studies in females from a UK cohort, comprising 844 cases and 3,760 controls, a Spanish cohort of 172 cases and 385 controls, and perform statistical meta-analysis. We observe genome-wide significant association with FFA at four genomic loci: 2p22.2, 6p21.1, 8q24.22 and 15q2.1. Within the 6p21.1 locus, fine-mapping indicates that the association is driven by the HLA-B*07:02 allele. At 2p22.1, we implicate a putative causal missense variant in CYP1B1, encoding the homonymous xenobiotic- and hormone-processing enzyme. Transcriptomic analysis of affected scalp tissue highlights overrepresentation of transcripts encoding components of innate and adaptive immune response pathways. These findings provide insight into disease pathogenesis and characterise FFA as a genetically predisposed immuno-inflammatory disorder driven by HLA-B*07:02.
Mothers influence children's lifestyle habits and maternal concern (MC) about child weight may have negative outcomes (e.g., restriction). The purpose of this study was to identify predictors of MC about child weight in a sample of 431 mothers of 1 st graders from 29 schools. The Child Feeding Questionnaire was utilized to assess MC, maternal perception (MP) of child's weight and maternal self‐reported weight status. Children's weight status was determined using direct measurements and the established BMI‐for‐age percentile cut‐offs for 3 categories: 1) normal weight; 2) overweight, or 3) obese. Linear regression was conducted to determine if MC about child weight was predicted by MP of child weight, maternal self‐reported weight status, child weight status and child gender. The regression model was significant ( R 2 = .33, p < .001). Maternal self‐reported weight status ( β = .13), child weight ( β = .51) and child gender ( β = .11; all p s < .01) were significant predictors of MC but MP of child weight was not ( β = ‐.003, p = .94). A secondary analysis further explored why MP of child weight was not related to MC. MP of child weight was assessed using 3 categories (overestimate; match; underestimate). Child weight was misconceived by 27% of mothers (all underestimated). Findings confirmed the hypothesized MC predictors, except for MP of child weight. Because MP of child weight may influence feeding strategies and the child's perceptions of self, further research examining weight‐related concerns and perceptions of mothers in relation to child's body or self‐esteem is warranted.
The purpose of the study was to test the moderating influence of two risk factors, maternal depression and socio-economic status (SES), on the association between authoritarian and permissive parenting styles and child obesity.Correlational, cross-sectional study. Parenting style was measured with the Parenting Styles and Dimensions Questionnaire (PSDQ). Maternal depression was measured using the Center for Epidemiologic Studies Depression Scale (CES-D). BMI-for-age percentile was used to categorize children by weight status (children with BMI-for-age > or = 95th percentile were classified as obese). SES was computed from parent education and occupational status using the four-factor Hollingshead index.Rural public schools in a mid-western state in the USA.One hundred and seventy-six mothers of first-grade children (ninety-one boys, eighty-five girls) enrolled in rural public schools.Both maternal depression and SES were found to moderate the permissive parenting style/child obesity association, but not the authoritarian/child obesity association. For depressed mothers, but not for non-depressed mothers, more permissive parenting was predictive of child obesity. Similarly more permissive parenting was predictive of child obesity among higher SES mothers, but not for lower SES mothers.Maternal depression and SES interact with permissive parenting style to predict child obesity. Future research should examine the relationship among these variables using a longitudinal design.
To examine the relationship of parent and child ratings of illness uncertainty to depressive symptomotology in children with a chronic illness using a mediational model framework.Mother-child dyads (N = 103 pairs) each completed measures of perceived illness uncertainty, while youth also completed a measure of depressive symptomotology.Maternal uncertainty was directly related to child depressive symptoms; however, this relationship was mediated by child uncertainty.It would appear that a key mechanism by which parent-related uncertainty influences child depressive symptoms is through child uncertainty, underscoring the importance of examining cognitive appraisal variables and means of transmission in parent-child interactions.
Prevention of body dissatisfaction is critical for minimizing adverse effects of poor body esteem on diet, self‐esteem and overall health. Research has examined adolescent body esteem; however, little is known about factors influencing body esteem of younger children. This study tested the moderating effect of child weight status on the links of body esteem of 1st grade children to parental feeding practices (e. g., monitoring), parental concern about child’s weight, and parental weight. Child Body Esteem Scale (BES) and anthropometrics were completed in individual interviews. Parents completed Child Feeding Questionnaire (feeding practices, concern, self‐assessed parental weight). A total of 410 mother/child dyads (202 girls) participated. Percent of children classified as overweight (BMI‐for‐age 蠅85th) vs. normal weight was: girls‐29% vs. 71%; boys‐27% vs. 73%. Overall regression model was significant for girls (R²=.125, F(10,191)=3.879; p<0.001), but not boys. For girls, weight status moderated the link of monitoring (β= ‐.186, t=‐2.42, p<0.05) and parental concern (β=‐.216, t=‐2.08, p<0.05) to body esteem, with the highest parental concern and monitoring corresponding to the lowest body esteem in overweight girls. Differential impact of feeding practices on body esteem by weight status suggests importance of future body esteem interventions for girls as early as first grade. Grant Funding Source : USDA‐CSREES Grant 05545
The Polyphony Life Melanie Page (bio) An Unfinished Score. Elise Blackwell. Unbridled Books. http://unbridledbooks.com. 272 pages; cloth, $24.95; paper, $14.95. Elise Blackwell's third novel, An Unfinished Score, explores the extent of emotion in the context of music performers, composers, and conductors. There are no characters with regular 9-5 jobs, and we are submersed in the language and consequences of their experiences with the medium. The novel's catalyst: Suzanne Sullivan (a violinist) learns her lover (a conductor) has died in a plane crash, and she's left to finish composing his viola concerto. En route, she introduces us to her dysfunctional home life, including an emotionally despondent husband (Ben, a composer and cello player) and the promiscuous, single-parent best friend (Petra, a violinist). Postmortem, the lover's widow contacts Suzanne and blackmails her in exchange for silence regarding the affair. The novel reveals itself as a realistic interpretation of human sentiment in atypical relationships. Suzanne's emotional extremities are only briefly mentioned by Blackwell, saving the reader from delving into the mush that one expects in mainstream literature. When Suzanne releases the sadness of losing the lover in her four-year affair, Blackwell accomplishes it in two concise sentences: "Now she dissolves. Her crying is as long as it is fierce, and when she is through she is dry of tears, more calm than tired." Instead of a woman who crumbles for more than half the book, she sobs halfway through the book, skipping all the hysterical details. Her reaction to her husband's infidelity is just as short: "'It just happened,' Ben is saying. 'I don't know, really, it just happened.' She blinks, and the visual static clears. Staring at the small squares of her knees, she thinks that this is something she can understand, that she should understand." Instead of irrationality, Suzanne responds with nothing; she tries to be angry, but it isn't convincing, and it's not meant to convince. The woman gives an expected response to not seem guilty, seeing how she's just as adulterous as her husband. Realistic responses are what kept me reading, since I see so little regulated emotion in other plots, where a simple breakup can leave characters with baggage for the rest of their lives. While there is surprise in Suzanne's reaction to Ben's affair, the predictability of the situation is a bit too easy. Blackwell describes the best friend Petra in the second chapter with fringy lashes, beautiful blue eyes, and standard Swedish good looks. Suzanne shrugs them off as non-threatening: "Sometimes when Suzanne looks at Petra, she wonders why she doesn't hate her on sight, as many women do. It helps that Petra thinks she looks common." While Suzanne can dismiss a fantasy girl, it was hard for me not to, especially since the trio lives together, and Suzanne leaves for extended periods to complete the viola concerto and, previously, be with her lover. More interesting than the current sexual affairs are the deviations into factual history of musicians' love lives. The way a performer (almost always a male) relates to a woman gives a sense of the complexities in syncopation, musically and sexually. For example, Hector Berlioz was driven crazy by the juxtaposition of one woman and his symphony: "The Fantastique swelled from his obsession with the Irish actress Harriet Smithson.... Once Liszt, Mendelssohn, and Chopin searched the suburbs of Paris for their love-struck friend, convinced that he might kill himself over a woman he had never met and to whom he wrote frightening letters...." Musical history that relates the reader to a genre he or she might have never been part of and only experienced second-hand appears sporadically. Blackwell's impeccable timing of these passages prevents the reader from experiencing the distraught or pain of a sad stock character, and we instead gather our own feelings using the empirical reality of relationships. When performance is described, however, it can seem too easy a description. In one instance, Suzanne and her professional quartet are rehearsing. We are told "[p]laying chamber music involves an intimacy between people that is no weaker than...
Abstract The present study examined the potentially mediating effect of alcohol expectancies and moderating effect of acculturation on the relationship between peer alcohol use and Latino adolescent alcohol use. Participants were 115 adolescents recruited through alternative schools, community events, a community psychologist, and Latino groups at a midwestern university. Questionnaires in this study assessed adolescents' perceptions about both their own and their peers' alcohol use in addition to their expectancies about the effects of alcohol, and their level of acculturation. Demographic characteristics of the sample were also assessed in order to control for their possible effects (e.g., age, gender). Results from the present study indicated that a higher level of peer alcohol use was associated with a higher level of adolescent alcohol use. Additionally, adolescents' expectancies about the effect of alcohol on their social behavior mediated the relationship between peer alcohol use and adolescent alcohol use. Results support previous research suggesting the importance of peers as role models for Latino adolescent alcohol use. Acculturation did not moderate the relationship between peer and adolescent alcohol use. The present study adds understanding as to how Latino adolescents' beliefs regarding alcohol use may influence the relationship between peer alcohol use and adolescent alcohol use.