The aim of this research was to find out the influence of single bulb garlic on sperm quality improvement in hyperlipidemia model of male mice. Male mice (Balb-C, 12 weeks, bw 21±5 g) were given high fat diet for 45 days until their body weight achieved 45±5 g. The mice were then divided into six groups. The mice in the first group (control group (N)) was fed with 7 g higrow pokphan 551 per day. The mice in the second group (control negative group) was fed with 7 g high fat diet (HFD), while the mice in the third group (control positive group) were treated with statin at dose of 0.91 mg. The mice in groups 4, 5, and 6 were treated with single bulb garlic extract at dose of 125 mg/kg bw, 250 mg/kg bw, and 500 mg/kg bw, respectively. On the 31st day, the male were dissected and cauda epididymis was taken and chopped in a sterile phosphat buffer saline (PBS) and observation conducted on sperm quality consisted of sperm count, sperm motility and sperm normality. The results indicated a significant increase in sperm count, motility and normality in mice treated with single bulb garlic extract at dose of 250 mg/kg bw.
Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengetahui saluran pemasaran nanas. fungsi-fungsi lembaga pemasaran nanas. berapa besarnya biaya, keuntungan, margin pemasaran dan efisiensi pemasaran nanas di Desa Pangkul Kecamatan Cambai Kota Prabumulih. . Metode penarikan sampel menggunakan metode purposive sampling (sengaja) dengan responden sebanyak 16 petani, pengepul 1 orang dan pengecer 6 orang. Metode pengolahan data yang digunakan dalam penelitian ini adalah metode deskriftif dan kuantitatif . Dari hasil penelitian, ditemukan tiga (3) saluran pemasaran buah nanas yaitu: pada saluran 1 Petani menjual hasil panen ke pedagang pengepul dan pedagang pengepul menjual ke pabrik. Saluran 2 Petani menjual hasil panen ke pedagang pengecer dan pedagang pengecer menjual ke konsumen akhir. Saluran 3 petani menjual hasil panen ke pedagang pengepul kemudian pengepul menjual ke pedagang pengecer dan pengecer menjual ke konsumen akhir. Fungsi pemasaran pada saluran I, petani melakukan fungsi penjualan dan grading, pedagang pengepul melakukan fungsi pembelian dan penjualan, fungsi angkut, penyimpanan, grading. Saluran II, petani melakukan fungsi penjualan dan grading buah, pedagang pengecer melakukan fungsi pembelian dan penjualan, fungsi angkut, penyimpanan, grading. Pada saluran III, petani melakukan fungsi penjualan dan grading buah, sedangkan pedagang pengepul melakukan fungsi pembelian dan penjualan, fungsi angkut, penyimpanan, grading, begitu juga dengan pedagang pengecer melakukan fungsi pembelian dan penjualan, fungsi angkut, simpan, grading. Pada saluran pemasaran I, keuntungan yang didapatkan pengepul Rp. 1.782/buah, biaya pemasaran Rp. 577/buah dan margin Rp. 2.360/buah.Pada saluran pemasaran II, keuntungan pengecer Rp. 10.539,7/buah, biaya pemasaran Rp. 1.626,3/buah, dan margin Rp. 4.055,33/buah.Saluran pemasaran III memiliki keuntungan Rp.10.739,7/buah, biaya pemasaran Rp. 1.626,3/buah dan margin Rp. 5.388,67/buah. Efisiensi pemasaran dilihat dari margin pemasaran terendah sebesar Rp.2.360 dan farmer’s share tertinggi mencapai 52,8% dimiliki pada saluran I.
The main skill that must be possessed by students in the 21st century is critical thinking because it is related to the process of solving problems that occur in everyday life, work, and others. Learning in Human Anatomy and Physiology courses is expected so that students are able to master concepts, be able to solve problems and apply technology through a research-based approach, students have good critical thinking skills, high student cognitive learning outcomes, and students are able to construct concepts based on facts found in daily life. This research is a preliminary study in identifying problems that occur in undergraduate students of UM biology education so that solutions can be found in an effort to improve students' critical thinking skills and cognitive learning outcomes. This type of research is descriptive research. The data collection instruments consisted of questionnaires and test questions for critical thinking skills and students' initial cognitive learning outcomes. The research data were analyzed using descriptive statistics. The results showed that learning was still carried out through presentations, discussions and there was no learning process that trained critical thinking, as well as the unavailability of electronic teaching materials; students' critical thinking skills are still at a low level; student cognitive learning outcomes are still in the poor category with a mean of 51.67, and students have experienced difficulties in taking courses in Human Anatomy and Physiology, with reasons including abstract and complex material (64.5%), difficulty applying concepts to everyday life (22.6%), and lack of availability of teaching materials which are relevant and easy to apply in life (19.4%). Based on the preliminary study conducted, it can be concluded that teaching materials can be developed in the form of PBL-based e-modules based on research results to improve students' critical thinking skills and cognitive learning outcomes.
Abstrak Patogenesis psoriasis dipengaruhi oleh sitokoin proinflamatori TNF-α, IL-1, dan sitokin anti-inflamatori IL-10. Dengan tehnik imunohistokimia dapat dideteksi TNF-α, IL-1, dan IL-10 pada jaringan kulit. Membandingkan jumlah ekspresi TNF-α, IL-1, dan IL-10 pada lesi dan non-lesi kulit dengan pemeriksaan imunohistokimia, dan hubungan jumlah ekspresi TNF-α, IL-1, dan IL-10 dengan derajad keparahan penyakit (skor PASI). Merupakan penelitian observasional dengan disain nested case control pada pasien psoriasis yang datang ke Poliklinik Kulit dan Kelamin, tahun 2003-2006. Untuk menghitung derajad keparahan penyakit dipakai skor PASI. Didapat 21 pasien (umur 21-68 tahun) yang ikut penelitian ini. Dilakukan biopsi dengan pewarnaan HE dan pemeriksaan imunohistokimia menggunakan antibodi monoklonal. Perbandingan jumlah ekspresi TNF-α, IL-1, dan IL-10 dihitung dengan student’s t-test. Skor PASI dihitung dengan regression equation simplex, dan hubungan skor PASI dengan TNF-α, IL-1 dan IL-10 menggunakan Pearson’s correlation coefficient (r). Sebanyak 21 pasien (14 laki-laki, 7 perempuan), umur rata-rata 44,67±13,309. Lama menderita sakit antara 1-20 tahun (rata-rata 4,9±4,939). Nilai skor PASI antara 8,0 – 32,7(rata-rata 19,362±7,241). TNF-α, IL-1, dan IL-10 terwarnai kuat di dermis lesi psoriasis : TNF-α (20-35, mean 27.95±4.056) dibandingkan non-lesi kulit (0-1, mean 0.10±0.301), p 0,05), IL-1(r=0.267, p>0.05), and IL-10 (r=0.054,p>0.05). Jumlah ekspresi TNF-α, IL-1, dan IL-10 meningkat secara signifikan pada lesi dibandingkan non-lesi kulit. Tidak terdapat hubungan antara skor PASI dengan ekspresi TNF-α, IL-1, dan IL-10 pada lesi kulit psoriatik. Kata kunci : Psoriasis vulgaris, TNF-α, IL-1, IL-10, PASI ARTIKEL PENELITIAN 30 Abstract The inflammatory cytokines (TNF-α, IL-1) and anti-inflammatory cytokine (IL-10) have been implicated in patogenesis of psoriasis. Immunohistochemistry has been used to detect TNF-α, IL-1, and IL-10 in skin. To compare the amount of TNF-α, IL-1, and IL-10 expressions in lesion and non- lesion psoriatic skin by immunohistochemistry examination, and the correlation of amounts of TNF-α, IL-1, and IL-10 expressions to disease severity degree (PASI score). A nested case control study was done among psoriatic pasients who attended to our policlinic during 2003-2006.The PASI score was used to measure of disease severity degree. There were 21 patients (ages 21- 68 yo). We did biopsy and stained using HE and histochemistry examination using monoclonal antibody. The expression amount of TNF-α, IL-1, and IL-10 were compared by student’s t-test. PASI scores were expressed using regression equation simplex, and the correlation between of PASI scores to TNF-α, IL-1, dan IL-10 were using Pearson’s correlation coefficient (r). Twenty one patients (14 men, 7 women), mean age 44.67±13.309. The duration of the disease were 1-20 tahun, mean 4.9±4.939. PASI score range 8.0 – 32.7 (mean 19.362±7.241). There were strong staining in dermis of skin lesions; TNF-α (20-35, mean 27.95±4.056) compared non-lesion skins (0-1, mean 0.10±0.301), p 0,05), IL-1 (r=0.267, p>0.05), and IL-10 (r=0.054,p>0.05). The amount of TNF-α, IL-1, dan IL-10 expressions were increased significantly in the lesions compared non-lesion skin and there were no correlation between PASI scores to the expressions of the TNF-α, IL-1, and IL-10 in psoriatic skin. Keywords : Psoriasis vulgaris, TNF-α, IL-1, IL-10, PASI
Alanine is a secondary metabolic secretion from Mirabilis jalapa. It is used as a modulation of natural pesticide compound. Alanine is predicted to act as an inhibitor compound in the defense mechanisms in the insect body. This study investigated the modeling structures and the protein receptor from alanine in the immune system mechanism and their optimization of the effectiveness as biopesticides to the insects. This research was conducted using an in silico modeling through the reverse docking stage, including the collection of 3D structures of natural compounds, prediction of target protein, receptor profiling, clarification of the potential of alanine compounds based on mode of action with PyRx 0.8 software, and interaction visualization between alanine compounds with the target protein using PyMOL and LigPlus+ software. The results showed that the alanine compounds from M. jalapa plants have targeted well the glutamate receptors in the insects. Both alanine and glutamate compounds have the same interactions with the glutamate proteins receptor shown by the Van der Waals interaction, e.g. the hydrogen bonding on certain amino acids has binding affinity of -15.889 kJ/mol. The interaction between alanine and glutamate affects the signal transduction cascade at the cellular level due to a neuromuscle and olfactory inhibitor. In addition, the continuous interruption of signal transduction affects the dysfunctional immune system of the insect body leading to their mortality.
Rambutan is a tropical fruit that grow well in Indonesia and the peel is considered as waste. Many researchers’ showed that rambutan peel contains polyphenol that could be expected to avoid obesity. The objective of this study was to explore the increasing production of local rambutan and to identify the promising phytochemical compounds on its peel as phytopharmaca candidate against obesity. Survey was conducted on the production of rambutan, potential plantation area, and marketing. Sample of rambutan peel collected from the sub-district Kanigoro, Blitar. Phytochemical compounds were analyzed using TLC, HPLC and FT-IR. Bioassay analysis used obesity rat models. The survey result showed a mean of rambutan production increased 2,6% in 2007-2012. Average production of rambutan 70-120 kg/tree. Vegetative multiplication usually done to maintenance of rambutan quality. The main compound of Rambutan peel extract (RPE) is flavonoids, tannins, ellagic acid and the major functional group of CH 3 , aliphatic CH 3 , and C=O. These compounds have a potential activity against obesity. RPE 30 mg/kgBW dose was significantly inhibit the weight gain of obese rats and reducing the adipocyte size (p<0.05). Key words: potency, production, local rambutan, blitar, obesity
Kata Kunci: Pembelajaran Kontekstual, Problem Based Learning, Keterampilan Berpikir Kritis, Hasil Belajar.
Pembelajaran seyogyanya dapat memberikan makna bagi siswa. Pembelajaran bukan hanya bertujuan agar siswa mampu mengingat informasi faktual dengan baik, tetapi siswa harus mengonstruk sendiri pengetahuan yang diperolehnya. Agar siswa benar-benar mengerti dan dapat menerapkan ilmu pengetahuan, mereka harus bekerja untuk memecahkan masalah, menemukan sesuatu bagi dirinya, dan bergulat dengan ide-ide. Peran guru dalam kelas tidak lagi sebagai sumber informasi, tetapi sebagai fasilitator yang kreatif. Berdasarkan hasil observasi di kelas X SMAN 6 Malang menunjukkan adanya beberapa masalah dalam proses pembelajaran. Keterlibatan siswa dalam proses pembelajaran masih rendah. Siswa masih sering enggan mengungkapkan pertanyaan atau jawaban ketika proses pembelajaran berlangsung. Siswa juga hanya bertanya atau menjawab pertanyaan apabila ditunjuk oleh guru atau ketika dijanjikan akan diganjar dengan nilai saja. Siswa tidak terbiasa mengungkapkan pertanyaan, saran, kritik dan pendapat yang ada di pikirannya selama pembelajaran. Selama pembelajaran siswa hanya terkesan mengikuti alur saja tanpa ada keterlibatan yang berarti dari siswa. Apa yang mereka kerjakan adalah apa yang telah guru perintahkan tanpa ada inisiatif cara belajar yang lain. Menurut sebagian siswa materi ekosistem adalah materi yang hanya memerlukan kemampuan menghafal. Pada dasarnya, materi ekosistem adalah materi yang memerlukan pemahaman secara bermakna, tidak sekedar hafalan saja. Oleh karena itu diperlukan suatu model pembelajaran yang dapat menumbuhkan kebermaknaan dalam pembelajaran Biologi, yang dapat meningkatkan keterampilan berpikir kritis dan hasil belajar siswa, salah satunya adalah pembelajaran berbasis masalah.
Penelitian dengan menggunakan Pembelajaran Kontekstual melalui Problem Based Learning (PBL) merupakan Penelitian Tindakan Kelas (PTK). Penelitian ini terdiri dari dua siklus. Siklus I dilaksanakan pada KD menganalisis jenis-jenis limbah dan daur ulang limbah. Siklus II dilaksanakan pada KD membuat produk daur ulang limbah. Subjek penelitian adalah siswa kelas X2 SMAN 6 Malang sebanyak 36 siswa.
Berdasarkan penelitian diketahui bahwa terdapat peningkatan keterampilan berpikir kritis siswa dan hasil belajar siswa kelas X2 SMAN 6 Malang. Peningkatan keterampilan berpikir kritis dilihat dari tiap aspek, yakni keterampilan merumuskan masalah meningkat dari 44% di awal siklus I menjadi 77% di akhir siklus II. Keterampilan memberikan argument meningkat dari 67% menjadi 90% pada akhir siklus II. Keterampilan melakukan deduksi meningkat dari 22% menjadi 100% pada akhir siklus II. Keterampilan melakukan evaluasi meningkat dari 25% di awal siklus I menjadi 87%. Peningkatan keterampilan berpikir kritis tersebut dilihat dari proses pembelajaran dan tes pada akhir tiap akhir siklus. Hasil belajar siswa yang terdiri dari kognitif, psikomotor dan afektif juga mengalami peningkatan. Peningkatan ditunjukkan dengan tingkat kognitif yang dicapai siswa. Penguasaan tingkat C1-C5 meningkat menjadi penguasaan C6 pada siklus II. Tingkat C6 meningkat dari 83% pada siklus I menjadi 88% pada siklus II. Peningkatan juga dilihat dari kegiatan dan aktivitas selama proses pembelajaran dan dari tes tiap akhir siklus.
Berdasarkan kesimpulan hasil penelitian, disarankan kepada guru untuk menggunakan pembelajaran kontekstual melalui PBL untuk meningkatkan keterampilan berpikir kritis siswa dan hasil belajar siswa. Model tersebut dapat dikembangkan juga untuk materi lain seperti materi sistem tubuh manusia. Pembelajaran dapat berjalan lancar dengan penyediaan sumber belajar yang memadai.
Hyperglycemia conditions increase free radicals in the body that cause oxidative stress. Oxidative stress increase lipid peroxidation activity and reactive oxygen species (ROS). An antioxidant can prevent a free radical movement. The materials that contain potent antioxidants are black soybeans tempeh (BST) and purple sweet potatoes (PSP). The antioxidants in the BST are isoflavones with their derivates, and PSP is anthocyanins. This study aimed to determine the effect of BST and PSP extract on reactive oxygen species (ROS) and malondialdehyde (MDA) levels. In this study, rats were given a high-fat diet, 10% sucrose drink, and injected with multiple low-dose streptozotocin to induce T2DM. The animal's experiment divided into six groups: healthy rats, DM rats, DM rats + glibenclamide, DM rats + combination of BST and PSP in 3:1, 1:1, and 1:3 respectively. ROS levels were determined using the ELISA method and MDA levels were determined using spectrophotometer according to Thiobarbituric Acid (TBA) method. Our result suggests that the combination of BST and PSP significantly reduces ROS and MDA levels.
Mirabilis Antiviral Protein (MAP) is a specific protein found in the Mirabilis jalapa. The MAP has many promising benefits, one of them is that it can be used as biopesticides. However, the structure and visualization of protein from MAP have not been identified. This study investigated the modelling structures of MAP compounds which potentially become bioinsecticide for insect and the interaction between bonding ligand-receptor in the surface cell. This research used In silico models that refers to the BIOPEP database with the bioinformatics tools methods. The screening of MAP compounds was conducted through hydrolysis steps by 30 enzymes to become new peptides. The new Antimicrobial Peptides (AMPs) were analyzed by a multidimensional statistical analysis using four predicted algorithms, Support Vector Machines (SVM), Random Forest (RF), a Neural Network Artificial (ANN) and Discriminant Analysis (DA) that were available in the Anti-Microbial Peptides Collection (CAMP Database). The results were identified six new types of AMPs from 449 AMPs during the in-silico proteolysis process toward M. jalapa. This peptide predicted the function become antimicrobials by inactivating the ribosomes. There were obtained three of the best peptide structures from M. jalapa that have the potential as toxin compounds (biopesticides). Through the visualization of the three AMPs, models of biopesticide structures are WIFKTVEEIKLVMGLLKSS, IKLVMGLLKSS, and ITNIRTKVA with the residual category 6-22, and the characterization of molecular weight was 561,7 to 2971,4 g/mol. The AMPs fulfill the Boman Index which the measurement of protein-peptide affinity to build the biological interactions, ranging from -0,51 to 2,98. Further, these renewable peptides can be used to determine the pathways that occur in targeted insect pests as biopesticides.
Rambutan is a tropical fruit that grow well in Indonesia and the peel is considered as waste. Many researchers’ showed that rambutan peel contains polyphenol that could be expected to avoid obesity. The objective of this study was to explore the increasing production of local rambutan and to identify the promising phytochemical compounds on its peel as phytopharmaca candidate against obesity. Survey was conducted on the production of rambutan, potential plantation area, and marketing. Sample of rambutan peel collected from the sub-district Kanigoro, Blitar. Phytochemical compounds were analyzed using TLC, HPLC and FT-IR. Bioassay analysis used obesity rat models. The survey result showed a mean of rambutan production increased 2,6% in 2007-2012. Average production of rambutan 70-120 kg/tree. Vegetative multiplication usually done to maintenance of rambutan quality. The main compound of Rambutan peel extract (RPE) is flavonoids, tannins, ellagic acid and the major functional group of CH 3 , aliphatic CH 3 , and C=O. These compounds have a potential activity against obesity. RPE 30 mg/kgBW dose was significantly inhibit the weight gain of obese rats and reducing the adipocyte size (p<0.05). Key words: potency, production, local rambutan, blitar, obesity
