Model Predictive Control (MPC) has seen tremendous success in control of industrial processes due to its ability to effectively handle multi-input multi-output (MIMO) systems in the presence of process constraints. Effective control of nonlinear processes operated at wider operating regimes often requires either use of multiple linear models or a nonlinear model in the MPC framework. While theoretically this can result in improved performance compared to linear MPC, it suffers from additional complexities such as model switch scheduling, computational complexity, and convergence of solution to a local optimum. The Reinforcement Learning (RL) framework for control, which directly learns the control policy by interacting with the underlying process, is gaining growing interest, and is known to overcome the challenges faced by nonlinear MPC and achieve superior controller performance, with adequate exploration during training. In this work, we carry out a comparative analysis between RL and nonlinear MPC for a nonlinear chemical process - a Continuous Time Stirred Reactor (CSTR). Simulation studies reveal the superior performance of RL, attributed to its resolution of an infinite-horizon control problem, in contrast to MPC, which tackles finite-horizon optimization.
The Ultra-performance Nanophotonic Intrachip Communication (UNIC) project aims to achieve unprecedented high-density, low-power, large-bandwidth, and low-latency optical interconnect for highly compact supercomputer systems. This project, which has started in 2008, sets extremely aggressive goals on power consumptions and footprints for optical devices and the integrated VLSI circuits. In this paper we will discuss our challenges and present some of our first-year achievements, including a 320 fJ/bit hybrid-bonded optical transmitter and a 690 fJ/bit hybrid-bonded optical receiver. The optical transmitter was made of a Si microring modulator flip-chip bonded to a 90nm CMOS driver with digital clocking. With only 1.6mW power consumption measured from the power supply voltages and currents, the transmitter exhibits a wide open eye with extinction ratio >7dB at 5Gb/s. The receiver was made of a Ge waveguide detector flip-chip bonded to a 90nm CMOS digitally clocked receiver circuit. With 3.45mW power consumption, the integrated receiver demonstrated -18.9dBm sensitivity at 5Gb/s for a BER of 10-12. In addition, we will discuss our Mux/Demux strategy and present our devices with small footprints and low tuning energy.
In the context of model-based control of industrial processes, it is a common practice to develop a data-driven linear dynamical model around a specified operating point. However, in applications involving wider operating conditions, representation of the dynamics using a single linear dynamic model is often inadequate, requiring either a nonlinear model or multiple linear models to accommodate the nonlinear behaviour. While the development of the former suffers from the requirements of extensive experiments spanning multiple levels, significant compromise in the nominal product quality and dealing with unmeasured disturbances over wider operating conditions, the latter faces the challenge of model switch scheduling and inadequate description of dynamics for the operating regions in-between. To overcome these challenges, we propose an efficient approach to obtain a parsimonious nonlinear dynamic model by developing multiple linear models from data at multiple operating points, lifting the data features obtained from individual model simulations to adequately accommodate the underlying nonlinear behaviour and finally, sparse optimization techniques to obtain a parsimonious model. The performance and effectiveness of the proposed algorithm is demonstrated through simulation case studies.
This paper briefly reviews the forces that caused the power problem, the solutions that were applied, and what the solutions tell us about the problem. As systems became more power constrained, optimizing the power became more critical; viewing power reduction from an optimization perspective provides valuable insights. Section III describes these insights in more detail, including why V/sub dd/ and V/sub th/ have stopped scaling. Section IV describes some of the low power techniques that have been used in the past in the context of the optimization framework. This framework also makes it easy to see the impact of variability, which is discussed in more detail in section V along with the adaptive mechanisms that have been proposed and deployed to minimize the energy cost. Section VI describes possible strategies for dealing with the slowdown in gate energy scaling, and the final section concludes by discussing the implications of these strategies for device designers.
Fashion stores are very popular and it is important for businesses to understand their customers and interact well with them.This has led to advances in customer relationship management (CRM) technology, improving customer experience and increasing retailers' profitability.Existing solutions often recommend popular products but do not have an individual approach.This study shows the agreement between fashion stores using different methods to distribute product and user information in physical and online stores.It solves the "cold start" problem in existing systems by using data mining technology to predict the purchasing behaviour of new customers.
We present the design of a silicon microsystem enabled by silicon photonic interconnects. We review our recent progress in developing key building blocks toward sub pJ/bit optical links for inter/intra-chip interconnects, including ultra-low power silicon photonic transceivers and WDM components with low tuning power.
We review the potential benefits and challenges for achieving optical-interconnects to the chip via the native integration of silicon photonics components with VLSI electronics; and review the "macrochip" a collection of contiguous silicon chips enabled by optical proximity communication. We summarize recent progress towards achieving low-power photonic links for the macrochip.
Facial expression is a serious ability preferred by human-interacting systems that aim to be receptive to differences in the human's expressive state.Scrambling isolated information in a captured image can be a solution to shortening a system. The applications of cameras widely differ, e.g., crime investigation, marketing, and nursing of an environment. That is, the rule of analysis systems is predicted to become more varied from wide area networks or WAN to home area networks due to the growth size and price of cameras. The privacy-enhanced face recognition system allows to professionally hiding both the biometrics and the result server outcome that performs the matching process. A novel scrambling image process for protecting sensitive image areas that encrypts the sensitive data in a parametric form, abusing the visual information in the residual part of the Image.
Background: Type 2 Diabetes mellitus (T2DM) is a major public health problem with hyperglycaemia leading to ischemia and myocardial damage. Two-dimensional speckle-tracking global longitudinal strain (GLS) imaging is one of the non-invasive tools used for early onset detection of left ventricular systolic dysfunction (LVSD) which goes undetected in the traditionally used tools. The standard of care provided to diabetic patients leads to several adverse effects leading to non-compliance and higher incidences of mortality and morbidity. The current study aimed to evaluate the efficacy of alternative treatment (Ischemia Reversal Program and diet kit) in improving GLS score in T2DM patients. Methodology: This retrospective study was conducted from January 2020 to January 2021 in T2DM patients who attended the Cardiac Care Clinics, Mumbai. The patients underwent 14 sittings of IRP and calorie-controlled diet kit for 30 days. Change in GLS score from baseline formed the primary endpoint while the secondary endpoint were reduction in Body Mass Index (BMI), Abdominal girth (ABG), End diastolic volume (EDV)and dependency of modern medicines and outcome of 6 meter walk test (6MWT). Results: A total of 26 T2DM patients were enrolled with a mean age of 59 years. The GLS score (p=0.0004) and distance covered post 6MWT (p=0.03) showed a significant improvement post IRP treatment. There was a reduction in blood sugar levels and improvement in the cardiac parameters; the difference being not significant. Conclusion: IRP may be an effective and sustainable addition to standard treatment of T2DM and IHD though future large-scale studies are warranted.
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