Rapid venous access may be a challenge during emergency, especially in pediatric cases. On the other hand, it has been suggested that high volumes of fluid can be injected into the corpora cavernosa. One of the emergency situations required rapid intravenous (IV) access is status epilepticus (SE). Phenytoin (PHT) is one of the major drugs used in the treatment of SE. As far as we know, there has no investigation comparing IV and intracavernous (IC) loading of PHT. In this study, PHT was administered to rabbits using both IV and IC routes at the dose of 20 mg/kg. Saphenous vein blood samples were drawn at 1, 5, 10, 15, 20, 25, 30 minutes following administration in both the IC group and the IV groups. Serum PHT concentrations were determined and their profiles were compared. Although the blood levels of PHT were found to be statistically significantly lower with IC administration, but it was found to be higher than minimum effective concentration. Our study showed that PTH can be absorbed by the IC route as fast as by the IV route. Research is needed to study this technique in more detail before clinical
SUMMARY: Aim: To assess the effects of anti‐epileptic drugs on renal tubular function. Methods: Urinary N‐acetyl‐β‐D‐glucosaminidase activity was measured in 114 epileptic children (mean age 5.6 ± 1.1 years) who were undergoing monotherapy with valproate ( n = 46), carbamazepine ( n = 34), lamotrigine ( n = 13) and combined therapy with valproate+carbamazepine ( n = 21). Results: The urinary N‐acetyl‐β‐D‐glucosaminidase index of valproate ( P < 0.01), carbamazepine ( P < 0.05) and polytherapy group ( P < 0.01) were significantly elevated when compared with that of the control group. No significant difference in N‐acetyl‐β‐D‐glucosaminidase levels was found between the lamotrigine group and the control subjects. We found that the distribution of the N‐acetyl‐β‐D‐glucosaminidase values of patients depended significantly on the length of therapy ( P < 0.01). The level of urinary excretion of N‐acetyl‐β‐D‐glucosaminidase was significantly higher in the patients who were taking long‐term treatment (>10 years) with valproate, carbamazepine and combined therapy than those taking therapy shorter than 10 years ( P < 0.01). The mean serum concentrations of valproate and carbamazepine were 68.7 ± 17.44 µg/mL and 5.41 ± 1.23 µg/mL, respectively. There was a significant correlation between the serum concentration of valproate and urinary N‐acetyl‐β‐D‐glucosaminidase levels ( r = 0.44, P < 0.01). There was also a significant correlation between the serum concentration of carbamazepine and N‐acetyl‐β‐D‐glucosaminidase excretion ( r = 0.52, P < 0.01). Conclusion: The present study demonstrated that in patients treated with valproate and carbamazepine, an impairment of tubular function can be present, whereas lamotrigine does not cause any significant change.
Cyanotic congenital heart diseases usually lead to growth and developmental delay in children due to chronic hypoxemia and undernourishment that may affect the central nervous system. The auditory brainstem responses are determined to assess the maturation and function of the brainstem. Therefore, we used the auditory brainstem responses to investigate the effect of cyanotic congenital heart diseases on brainstem maturation.The auditory brainstem responses were investigated in 45 children (23 cyanotic, 22 acyanotic) with congenital heart diseases and compared with the results of 30 healthy counterparts (all children were aged between 2 months and 15 years).The results of auditory brainstem responses were similar in acyanotic patients and in normal children. The cyanotic patients under 1 year of age had more prolonged I-V interpeak latencies than those of control and acyanotic patients (P < 0.05). There was no difference between all groups older than 1 year of age. In cyanotic children, I-V interpeak latencies showed significant negative correlation with arterial oxygen saturation and partial oxygen pressure (P < 0.05).Cyanotic congenital heart diseases may cause significant retardation on brainstem maturation due to chronic hypoxemia, especially in infants under 1 year of age, whereas acyanotic congenital heart diseases have no effect on auditory brainstem responses.
The efficacy of double phototherapy, in the form of conventional phototherapy with special blue light plus fiberoptic phototherapy, was compared with conventional phototherapy consisting of special blue lamps alone in a relatively larger series of term newborns with significant hyperbilirubinemia. During the study period the sum of the average spectral irradiances in the double phototherapy group was significantly higher than that of the single phototherapy group (p<0.05). Phototherapy was effective in decreasing bilirubin levels in both groups, but the response was greater in the double phototherapy group; the duration of exposure to phototherapy was significantly shorter (31.2 ± 8.5 vs. 38.98 ± 14.7 h, p<0.05), and the overall bilirubin decline rate as μmol/l/h and per cent/h was significantly greater in the double phototherapy group (4.1 ± 1.37 vs. 3.3 ± 0.86 μmol/l/h, and 1.29 ± 0.38 vs. 1.02 ± 0.44 per cent/h, p<0.05). In phototherapy treatment of term newborns with significant hyperbilirubinemia, double phototherapy provided more rapid and effective bilirubin reduction than conventional phototherapy alone due to higher spectral irradiance and larger body surface area exposed to phototherapy. The value of double phototherapy in the treatment of newborns with hemolytic hyperbilirubinemia remains to be determined.