Jesse Belden

Naval Undersea Warfare Center

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i-10 index

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Tadd Truscott

King Abdullah University of Science and Technology

Nathan Speirs

King Abdullah University of Science and Technology

Randy Hurd

Utah State University

Michael Jandron

Naval Undersea Warfare Center

Rafsan Rabbi

Utah State University

Mark Menesses

Boston University

Alexandra H. Techet

Massachusetts Institute of Technology

Sean Holekamp

Naval Undersea Warfare Center

Allan F. Bower

Brown University

Aren Hellum

Naval Undersea Warfare Center

Cooperative Institutions

Utah State University

Massachusetts Institute of Technology

Brigham Young University

Naval Undersea Warfare Center

NUWC Newport Division

New York University Press

Cambridge University Press

King Abdullah University of Science and Technology

Harvard University Press

Chitose Institute of Science and Technology

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Fluted films

Physical Review Fluids (2018)

Nathan Speirs Mohammad Mansoor Jesse Belden Randy Hurd Zhao Pan

This paper is associated with a poster winner of a 2017 APS/DFD Milton van Dyke Award for work presented at the DFD Gallery of Fluid Motion. The original poster is available from the Gallery of Fluid Motion, https://doi.org/10.1103/APS.DFD.2017.GFM.P0030

Fluid motion

10.1103/physrevfluids.3.100504

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Citations (4)

Slamming forces during water entry of a simple harmonic oscillator

Journal of Fluid Mechanics (2023)

John T. Antolik Jesse Belden Nathan Speirs Daniel M. Harris

When a blunt body impacts an air–water interface, large hydrodynamic forces often arise, a phenomenon many of us have unfortunately experienced in a failed dive or ‘belly flop’. Beyond assessing risk to biological divers, an understanding and methods for remediation of such slamming forces are critical to the design of numerous engineered naval and aerospace structures. Herein we systematically investigate the role of impactor elasticity on the resultant structural loads in perhaps the simplest possible scenario: the water entry of a simple harmonic oscillator. Contrary to conventional intuition, we find that ‘softening’ the impactor does not always reduce the peak impact force, but may also increase the force as compared with a fully rigid counterpart. Through our combined experimental and theoretical investigation, we demonstrate that the transition from force reduction to force amplification is delineated by a critical ‘hydroelastic’ factor that relates the hydrodynamic and elastic time scales of the problem.

Slamming

Impact

Elasticity

Rigidity (electromagnetism)

10.1017/jfm.2023.820

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Citations (7)

The water entry of multi-droplet streams and jets

Journal of Fluid Mechanics (2018)

Nathan Speirs Zhao Pan Jesse Belden Tadd Truscott

Water entry has been studied for over a century, but few studies have focused on multiple droplets impacting on a liquid bath sequentially. We connect multi-droplet streams, jets and solid objects with physical-based scaling arguments that emphasize the intrinsically similar cavities. In particular, the cavities created by the initial impact of both droplet streams and jets on an initially quiescent liquid pool exhibit the same types of cavity seal as hydrophobic spheres at low Bond number, some of which were previously unseen for jets and droplet streams. Low-frequency droplet streams exhibit an additional three new cavity seal types unseen for jets or solid spheres that can be predicted with a new non-dimensional frequency. The cavity depth and cavity velocity for both droplet and jet impact are rationalized by an energy scaling analysis and the Bernoulli equation.

10.1017/jfm.2018.204

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Citations (36)

The water entry of a sphere in a jet

Journal of Fluid Mechanics (2019)

Nathan Speirs Jesse Belden Zhao Pan Sean Holekamp George Badlissi

The forces on an object impacting the water are extreme in the early moments of water entry and can cause structural damage to biological and man-made bodies alike. These early-time forces arise largely from added mass, peaking when the submergence is much less than one body length. We experimentally investigate a means of reducing impact forces on a rigid sphere by placing the sphere inside a jet of water so that the jet strikes the quiescent water surface prior to entry of the sphere into the pool. The water jet accelerates the pool liquid and forms a cavity into which a sphere falls. Through on-board accelerometer measurements and high-speed imaging, we quantify the force reduction compared to the case of a sphere entering a quiescent pool. Finally, we find the emergence of a critical jet volume required to maximize force reduction; the critical volume is rationalized using scaling arguments informed by near-surface particle image velocimetry (PIV) data.

Water jet

Particle (ecology)

Added mass

10.1017/jfm.2018.931

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Citations (34)

Oil droplet in alcohol

Physics of Fluids (2010)

Roderick R. La Foy Jesse Belden Tadd Truscott Anna M. Shih Alexandra H. Techet

10.1063/1.3483217

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Citations (3)

Sphere Falling Onto A Liquid Jet

Journal of Fluids Engineering (2022)

Rafsan Rabbi Akihito Kiyama Nathan Speirs Jesse Belden Tadd Truscott

Abstract The history of interfacial fluid dynamics is intertwined with the origins of flash photography from the 'Worthington Jet' of Aurthur Worthington [1] to the 'Milk drop coronets' of Harold Edgerton[2] , with this technique capturing ephemeral fluid impacts in their awe-inspiring beauty. Although camera technology has come far from the days of giant flash bulbs, this elegant technique still provides a uniquely focused window into the fleeting impact events that often seem chaotic in real time, but in the suspended reality of flash-photography are found to be surprisingly well patterned. We apply a similar technique with the help of a laser-controlled photo-receptor in a dark room at night with flashes going off when the light received by the photo-receptor is disturbed. The resultant sequential images of Figure 1 are achieved by the timed release of a 50 mm diameter steel sphere falling from 750 mm plunging through an upward moving Worthington Jet that was created by a 38 mm sphere dropped from 230 mm in line with the second sphere. The jet envelopes the sphere from all sides, with thin water films hugging and moving across the sphere surface continuously until they meet at the sphere apex creating beautiful fluid sheets and ligaments in Figure 2. This image not only captures the beauty of the impact but also reveals a novel mechanism of reducing the impact impulse force of falling objects. The sphere in this particular case experiences an almost 70% reduction in impact force compared to a quiescent pool impact [3, 4].

Falling (accident)

10.1115/1.4053569

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Citations (0)

Fantastic Fluted Films

Bulletin of the American Physical Society (2019)

Matthew Jones Nathan Speirs Mohammad Azam Mansoor Jesse Belden Tadd Truscott

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Water entry of deformable spheres

Journal of Fluid Mechanics (2017)

Randy Hurd Jesse Belden Michael Jandron D. Tate Fanning Allan F. Bower

When a rigid body collides with a liquid surface with sufficient velocity, it creates a splash curtain above the surface and entrains air behind the sphere, creating a cavity below the surface. While cavity dynamics has been studied for over a century, this work focuses on the water entry characteristics of deformable elastomeric spheres, which has not been studied. Upon free surface impact, an elastomeric sphere deforms significantly, giving rise to large-scale material oscillations within the sphere resulting in unique nested cavities. We study these phenomena experimentally with high-speed imaging and image processing techniques. The water entry behaviour of deformable spheres differs from rigid spheres because of the pronounced deformation caused at impact as well as the subsequent material vibration. Our results show that this deformation and vibration can be predicted from material properties and impact conditions. Additionally, by accounting for the sphere deformation in an effective diameter term, we recover previously reported characteristics for time to cavity pinch off and hydrodynamic force coefficients for rigid spheres. Our results also show that velocity change over the first oscillation period scales with the dimensionless ratio of material shear modulus to impact hydrodynamic pressure. Therefore, we are able to describe the water entry characteristics of deformable spheres in terms of material properties and impact conditions.

Dimensionless quantity

Oscillation (cell signaling)

Free surface

10.1017/jfm.2017.365

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Citations (35)

Performance enhancing water skipping: successive free surface impacts of elastic spheres

Bulletin of the American Physical Society (2014)

Randy Hurd Tadd Truscott Jesse Belden

Free surface

Free water

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