Objective To know about the ongoing pregnancy rate,cesarean section rate of HIV-infected pregnant women and formula feeding rate of their infants in China during 2003-2011.Methods Databases including PubMed,Web of Science,the Cochrane Library,China National Knowledge Infrastructure(CNKI),Chinese Science and Technology Periodical Database(VIP),Wanfang Database(WF)and Chinese Biological Medical Literature Database(CBM)were searched from the date of their establishment to May 2013;the literatures published in both Chinese and English reporting ongoing pregnancy,cesarean section of HIV-infected pregnant women,or formula feeding of their infants were collected.Then according to the inclusion criteria,two researchers independently screened the literature,extracted the data and assessed the quality of the included articles.Meta-analyses were conducted using the Comprehensive Meta-Analysis software(V2.0,Biostat,Englewood,New Jersey).Meta regression analysis was conducted to identify the source of heterogeneity.Results Of the total 2 356 records,61eligible articles were finally included.The results of meta-analysis showed that nationally,the rate of pregnancy continuation rates among HIV-infected pregnant women during 2003-2011 were 67.50%(95%CI[51.73%,80.10%]),60.49%(95%CI[18.59%,91.13%]),51.80%(95%CI[28.13%,74.68%]),62.59%(95%CI[54.60%,69.96%]),64.93%(95%CI[50.18%,77.29%]),70.65%(95%CI[62.20%,77.88%]),65.66%(95%CI[59.70%,71.16%]),67.85%(95%CI[52.66%,80.02%]),and 75.00%(95%CI[59.46%,85.99%]),respectively;the caesarean section rates among these women during 2004-2010 were 26.33%(95%CI[9.41%,55.14%]),43.40%(95%CI[34.30%,52.96%]),42.57%(95%CI[35.73%,49.70%]),69.43%(95%CI[13.48%,97.07%]),46.68%(95%CI[27.27%,67.16%]),61.14%(95%CI[49.37%,71.75%])and 56.60%(95%CI[36.36%,74.85%]),respectively;and the formula feeding rates of exposed infants were kept at relatively high levels(90.00% above)for all the years except for 2005,which was 82.65%.Conclusion The overall rate of pregnancy continuation of HIV-infected pregnant women represents an increase in recent years in China;the cesarean section rate is high,fluctuating and increasing;the formula feeding rate of their infants keeps stable at a high level.
To isolate a kind of endophytic fungus which can produce taxol compounds from the bark of Taxus Cuspidata Sieb et Zucc.Endophytic fungus was isolated from the bark of Taxus Cuspidata Sieb et Zucc by aseptic techniques and the analysis of the culture fluid from the fermentation of fungus was carried out by high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC).Endophytic fungus was obtained from the bark of Taxus Cuspidata Sieb et Zucc and the chemical analysis showed that the culture of fungus contain taxol compounds.Endophytic fungus which can produce taxol compounds exists in the bark of Taxus Cuspidata Sieb et Zucc.
Given the large value of marriage payments in China, parental support for children's marriage payments is common, which may serve as a strategy of parents to assure their old-age support. In this paper, I investigate whether parents offer marriage payments to children in exchange for the provision of old-age support from children in the later period. Using data from the China Health and Retirement Longitudinal Study (CHARLS), I first analyze the provision of marriage payments in the context of intra-household allocation. Increasing maternal resources makes children, especially daughters, more likely to receive marriage payments from parents; whereas changes in paternal resources do not matter for the likelihood of offering marriage payments. Compared to their non-recipient siblings, children who used to receive marriage payments do not provide parents with more financial support, which is a strong rejection of the exchange motive for offering marriage payments to children. However, parents do benefit from human capital investment in their children, implying that to receive old-age support from children, parents should invest in the human capital of their children in their early years instead of non-human capital in their adulthood.
This paper examines access to new and innovative pharmaceuticals in a post-TRIPS era. The WTO’s TRIPS Agreement (TRIPS) makes it obligatory for WTO members – except least-developed country members (LDCs) - to provide pharmaceutical product patents with a 20-year protection term. Developing country members, other than LDCs, were meant to be compliant with this provision of TRIPS by 2005. Access to medicines generally includes two distinct components, viz. availability and affordability. This study investigates these two sub-components of access to medicines and poses two questions in this context: (1) How does the introduction of product patents in pharmaceuticals affect the likelihood of pharmaceutical firms making available new and innovative medicines in those markets? (2) For launched new and innovative medicines, how much do firms adjust their prices to local income levels in order to make these products affordable? Using launch data from 1980 to 2017 covering 70 markets, the study finds that introduction of product patent for pharmaceuticals in the patent law has a positive effect on launch likelihood, especially for innovative pharmaceuticals. However, this effect is quite limited in low-income markets. Also, innovative pharmaceuticals are launched sooner than non-innovative ones, irrespective of the patent regime in the local market. Using a panel data set of originator and generic prices from 2007 to 2017, the study finds evidence of differential pricing for both originator and generic products. Overall, originators differentiate by about 11 percent and generics by about 26 percent. Differential pricing is larger for pharmaceuticals that treat infectious diseases, particularly for HIV medicines, than for non-communicable diseases (NCDs), suggesting that global responses to infectious epidemics have benefited people with those diseases in poorer markets in terms of access to cheaper generics. However, neither originators nor generics adjust pharmaceutical prices fully to local income levels. We also find that the more effective way of driving down prices is competition within a particular medicine market which occurs in the absence of market exclusivity.
Abstract As a potential source of infection, the risk of close contacts has gradually increased. Close contact management mode and epidemiological characteristics for 20,254 close contacts from January 22, 2020 to April 1, 2021 in Chengdu, China were analyzed. The relationship with index cases was mainly co-passengers (73.52%) and relatives (13.64%), and the frequency of contact was mainly occasional contact (68.31%). 277 (1.37%) close contacts who were converted into cases were mainly found in the first and second nucleic acid tests (58.27%), and the contact mode was mainly by sharing transportation (37.55%). In terms of close contact management time, both the supposed ((13.00±3.23) vs. (12.84 ±6.91)) and actual ((14.13±24.02) vs. (14.00±12.98)) isolation time in Chengdu were longer than that of outer cities (P<0.001). Tracing and management of close contacts is a two-way management measure, which requires the cooperation among departments. Enhancing existing monitoring and response capabilities can control the spread of the epidemic to a certain extent.
It introduces Fudenberg's two-stage patent race model,and relates it to the competitive strategy of laggard firm. Then it puts forward three kinds of strategies that can be chosen by those who are lagging in patent race;rational obviation strategy;rapidly pass in and out strategy and henchman strategy.
This paper examines the two-way causal relationship between homophobia and HIV/AIDS incidence using China General Social Survey (CGSS) and Chinese epidemiological data. Applying the System Two-Stage Least Square (S2SLS) methods, I find no evidence that the homophobic attitudes in China could be attributable to the spread of HIV. Also, tolerance of homosexuality is found to drive down local HIV incidence, possibly by promoting health-seeking behaviors and the utilization of medical services among mem who have sex with men (MSM). A one standard deviation increase in tolerance of homosexuality reduces the incidence rate of HIV by 0.07 standard deviations, which can also counteract increases of the lag HIV prevalence by 0.09 standard deviations. By enhancing adherence to HIV treatment, tolerance towards homosexuality is positively linked to AIDS incidence. The impact of tolerance of homosexuality on HIV/AIDS incidence remains significant after controlling for local medical supply. Empirical evidence shows that tolerance of homosexuality and medical interventions are working in a complementary way to prevent the spread of HIV.
Objective To analyse cost-effectiveness of three drugs in the treatment of uteri leiomyoma.Methods 45 patients with uteri leiomyoma were randomly divided into three groups(A:Dahuang Zhechong capsule;B:Gongliuqing capsule;C;Guizhi Fuling capsule).Evaluate cost-effectiveness of these drugs by pharmacoeconomics methods.Results The total effective rate of three groups were 86.7%,93.3%and 80%respectively.The result of increment costeffectiveness analysis showed that the augmented cost of group B was the lowest(6.70 yuan) following the increasing of effective rate for 1%.Concluusion Group B is the best scheme in the treatment of uteri leiomyoma among these three groups.
Purpose The purpose of this paper is to define the concept of guanxi deviant behaviour (GDB) initially on the basis of a theoretical study of guanxi, guanxi behaviour and workplace deviant behaviour and to analyse the influence of GDB and the relationship between GDB and counterproductive work behaviour. Design/methodology/approach This study collects interview data from 30 enterprise executives, summarises relevant literature from four major databases (two in English and two in Chinese) and applies a grounded theory methodology to refine and further define the core category of GDB, and the main category is interpreted and validated using triangulation. Findings The three dimensions of GDB are guanxi bribery behaviour, irregular connected transaction behaviour and guanxi allied behaviour. There are links amongst the three dimensions, no dimension has an independent existence and that is not the end of the GDB issue. Generally, the occurrence of a kind of GDB can be construed to be a preparation for the implementation of another kind, and the latter is the real purpose of the perpetrators. Social implications This paper is expected to attract the attention of managers and improve the ability of recognising, preventing and punishing GDB. Originality/value This study not only enriches organisational behaviour theory but also enhances the awareness of, and insights into, the negative effects of guanxi.
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