With the rapid development of animal husbandry, the demand for protein feed resources is increasing. Cottonseed meal (CSM) and soybean meal (SBM) are rich sources of protein. However, their application is limited due to the existence of anti-nutrients, which can be harmful to the digestion and absorption. A strain of Bacillus subtilis (Mafic-Y7) was isolated from digesta of intestines of Tibetan pigs. The strain showed high protease activity, which helps in degrading proteinic anti-nutritional factors in grain meal and in vitro degradation of free gossypol. In order to better understand this isolated strain, whole genome of Mafic-Y7 strain was sequenced and analyzed. Different effects on various grain meals were identified. The GC-depth Poisson distributions showed no bias suggesting high-quality genome assembly of Mafic-Y7. The whole genome sequencing showed that one chromosome with 4,248,845 base pairs(bp)and the genes total length with 3,736,524 bp was predicted in Mafic-Y7. Additionally, Mafic-Y7 possessed 4,254 protein-coding genes, and several protease genes were annotated by aligning them with databases. There are 55 protease genes, one phytase gene and one laccase gene were annotated in the gene sequence of Mafic-Y7. The average nucleotide identity between Mafic-Y7 and the GCA-000009045.1 homologous genome was 0.9938, suggesting a close genetic relationship between them at the species level. Compared with the closest four whole genomes, Mafic-Y7 was annotated the most abundant of protease genes (55 genes). The fermentation supernatant of Mafic-Y7 could increase the content of small peptides, water-soluble proteins, and acid-soluble proteins in vitro by 411%, 281% and 317% in SBM and 420%, 257% and 338% in CSM. After fermentation in grain meal by Mafic-Y7, the degradation rate of anti-nutritional factors in SBM, such as trypsin inhibitor, glycinin, and β-conglycinin was greater than 70%, and lectin was greater than 30%. The degradation rates of anti-nutritional factors in CSM, such as gossypol and phytic acid, were 82% and 26%, respectively.
The purpose of this research is to solve the complex long-distance and high-lift water supply engineering accident water hammer protection problem. Taking the Zhaojinzhuang water supply project as an example, based on the method of characteristics (MOC), the water hammer of the pumping station under the combined action of a water hammer relief valve, hydraulic-control butterfly valve, air vessel, air valve, and other water hammer protection measures is numerically simulated and calculated, and the effectiveness of the range method is analyzed, to ensure a waterproof hammer in pump stop accidents. The results show that the main factors affecting the effect of water hammer protection under the two-stage valve-closing parameters of the hydraulic-control butterfly valve are the fast-closing angle and the slow-closing time. The arrangement of the air vessel behind the pump can effectively increase the minimum water hammer pressure in the climbing section, and with the increase of the volume of the air vessel, the pump reverse speed and the maximum positive pressure increase slightly, but the overall water hammer protection effect is better. With the increase of the moment of inertia of the motor, the maximum positive pressure and minimum negative pressure of the pipeline still do not meet the requirements of the specification, and the modification cost is relatively large. The combination of the one-stage hydraulic-control butterfly valve, the air valve, the air vessel, and the water hammer relief valve can effectively reduce the volume of the air vessel. Under the optimal method, the maximum positive pressure head is 236.61 m, and the minimum negative pressure head is −3.18 m. Compared with the original method, the maximum positive pressure head is increased by 1.18%, the minimum negative pressure head is reduced by 95.78%, the maximum reverse speed of the pump is reduced by 100%, and the maximum reverse flow of the pump is reduced by 70.27%, meeting the requirements of water hammer protection. This is a safe and economical protection method.
The development and application of virtual reality (VR) technology significantly enhances consumer immersion. Exploring a multi-sensory evaluation model for virtual packaging is valuable for integrating VR technology with packaging. This study developed a multi-sensory evaluation model for virtual packaging using the analytic hierarchy process (AHP). Eye-tracker experimentation was conducted to identify consumer attention indicators when interacting with virtual packaging. These indicators were quantified using Saaty’s nine-level importance scale and expert input, resulting in a comprehensive multi-sensory evaluation model. Subsequently, a VR shopping system focused on potato chips and cola as packaging design objects. This system was evaluated using the established model, and the results were analyzed. Based on the findings, improvements were made, and the system was re-evaluated using the modified model. The post-improvement evaluation demonstrated significantly enhanced sensory experiences. These results validate that the developed evaluation model effectively guides multi-sensory design approaches for packaging within a VR environment.
Extramammary Paget's disease (EMPD) frequently extends beyond clinical borders, causing a high recurrence rate. Mohs micrographic surgery (MMS) has been used for management of EMPD, but its efficiency is compromised by technical limitations inherent in MMS. To identify clinicopathologic parameters of predictive value regarding MMS final margin width (FMW) for EMPD, and provide some preliminary guidance in selecting initial surgical margin width for improved efficiency. This was a retrospective study of 150 consecutive EMPD patients who underwent MMS between 2013 and 2019. Clinicopathological parameters and surgical data were collected to construct a classification tree of FMW. A six-node classification tree with a sensitivity of 86.25% and a specificity of 48.57% was generated. Lesion width, disease duration and inflammation score were used to select subgroups of patients in whom optimal initial margin width may be recommended. Classification tree analysis may help identify important variables to consider when selecting MMS initial surgical margins for EMPD.
A strain of Bacillus subtilis (MAFIC Y7) was isolated from the intestine of Tibetan pigs and was able to express high protease activity. The aim of this study was to characterize the proteases produced by MAFIC Y7, and to investigate the effects of protease addition on growth performance, ileal amino acid digestibility, and serum immunoglobulin and immune factors of broilers fed SBM-based diets, or on growth performance, carcass characteristics, and intestinal morphology of broilers fed CSM-based diets. B. subtilis (MAFIC Y7) expressed protease showed its optimal enzyme activity at 50 °C and pH 7.0. The coated crude enzyme (CCE) showed greater stability at pH 3.0 than its uncoated counterpart. Experiment 1 was conducted with six diets based on three levels of crude protein (CP)-CPlow, CPmedium, and CPhigh-with or without CCE. In CPlow, CCE increased gain:feed (G:F) (days 1 to 21, days 1 to 42) by 8%, 3%, respectively, and enhanced apparent ileal digestibility (AID) of crude protein and lysine (on day 42) by 8.8%, 4.6%, respectively, compared with diets containing no CCE (P < 0.05). CCE increased G:F from days 1 to 21 from 0.63 to 0.68, improved G:F and average daily gain (ADG) during days 1 to 42, and enhanced AID of crude protein, lysine, cysteine, and isoleucine on day 42 compared with the unsupplemented treatments (in CPmedium, P < 0.05). CCE increased serum IgA (on day 21), serum IgA and IgG and increased serum IL-10 (on day 42), but decreased serum tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α; on day 21), and serum IL-8 and TNF-α (on day 42) compared with unsupplemented treatments. At CPhigh, CCE decreased serum levels of IL-6 and TNF-α (on day 21), and IL-8 and TNF-α (on day 42) compared with unsupplemented treatments (in CPhigh, P < 0.05). In experiment 2, CSM-based diets with two lysine-to-protein ratios (5.2% or 5.5%) with or without CCE. In the high Lys diet (5.5% Lys:protein), CCE increased ADG and G:F, increased carcass, but decreased abdominal fat compared with the unsupplemented treatment (P < 0.05). In the 5.2% Lys:protein dietary treatment, CCE improved duodenal villus height compared with the unsupplemented treatment (P < 0.05). Supplementation of protease produced by MAFIC Y7 was associated with lower inflammatory responses in SBM diets (CPmedium or CPhigh) and improved ADG in broilers fed CPmedium or CPhigh. The proteases improved ADG and the efficiency of CSM use when the ratio of Lys to protein was 5.5%.
Abstract Cutaneous T cell lymphoma (CTCL) represents a heterogeneous group of non-Hodgkin lymphoma distinguished by the presence of clonal malignant T cells. The heterogeneity of malignant T cells and the complex tumor microenvironment remain poorly characterized. With single-cell RNA analysis and bulk whole-exome sequencing on 19 skin lesions from 15 CTCL patients, we decipher the intra-tumor and inter-lesion diversity of CTCL patients and propose a multi-step tumor evolution model. We further establish a subtyping scheme based on the molecular features of malignant T cells and their pro-tumorigenic microenvironments: the T CyEM group, demonstrating a cytotoxic effector memory T cell phenotype, shows more M2 macrophages infiltration, while the T CM group, featured by a central memory T cell phenotype and adverse patient outcome, is infiltrated by highly exhausted CD8 + reactive T cells, B cells and Tregs with suppressive activities. Our results establish a solid basis for understanding the nature of CTCL and pave the way for future precision medicine for CTCL patients.
We report a 52-year-old Chinese male who developed extensive erythema and tense bullae with coalesced erosion 3 days after cefoperazone administration for upper respiratory infection (figure 1A). The lesion covered 70% of his body surface with oral and genital mucosa spared. A skin biopsy showed sub-epidermal clefting with mild lymphocyte and neutrophil infiltration in the superficial dermis. Systemic workup was not significant. A bullous drug reaction to cefoperazone was suspected. He was treated [...]
To study the significance of modified Mohs micrographic surgery in the treatment of cutaneous melanoma with the most appropriate margins.A total of 20 cases with cutaneous melanoma treated by the technique of modified Mohs micrographic surgery from July 2013 to July 2014 were reviewed. Modified Mohs micrographic surgery set safe margin according to Guideline of Chinese Melanoma Treatment (2011) first, and then decide whether to adopt wider margins according to the pathology of the resected margin. Data concerning the numbers of additional resection and the final total width of margins were analyzed and the latter compared with the initial margins.Among 20 cases, 7 cases (35%) needed more than two resections to obtain a clear margin. The final widths of margin in 7 cases (35%) are different from the guideline.Modified Mohs micrographic surgery could ensure the thorough removal of primary tumor, while avoiding residual tumor as well as over-excision, which reflect the trend toward individualized treatment and minimally traumatic surgery.
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