Background: The abortion rate in the former Soviet Union was reported to be the world highest, being caused not only by the insufficient availability of modern contraception but also by irresponsible behavior. The alcohol overconsumption has been perceived as a contributing factor. The social background and cause-effect relationships between the alcohol abuse, heavy binge drinking and certain behavioral stereotypes are discussed here based on the literature and our observations since the 1970s. The conclusion is that the use of condoms is dependent on individual traits and a level of social development; however, alcohol consumption at sexual encounters and heavy binge drinking are risk factors for the non-use of condoms and other irresponsible behaviors potentially contributing to the spread of sexually transmitted infections.
Case 2In the 7 th class of a school (13-14 years old children) appeared two brothers from the South; both early-ripening.Later it has become known that they seduced or raped several girls.One of the girls recollected that it happened so quickly that she noticed it when it was too late; the boy was adroit, later on he hinted that he had been instructed within his family.She liked him and dated repeatedly.Some female teachers knew about the liaison, laughed, and said so that the girl could hear them: "Now she cannot do without!"The theory around incest is beyond the scope of this letter; but sexual experience with relatives in not uncommon in a certain milieu [7].It was reported that 49% of the "child perpetrators" had been sexually abused themselves prior to their sexually abusive behaviors [8].In particular, mother-son and sister-brother relationships result in teenagers feeling themselves as men and behaving accordingly when they deem it safe.It should be commented that in conditions of the increasing gender imbalance, it would be more reasonable not to discourage masturbation in boys [9][10][11].Contemporary medicine holds masturbation to be developmentally normal, health-neutral if not health-enhancing [12]. Case 3In a good medical school, normal anatomy is a difficult subject.It is not surprising that some female students had difficulties with tests and exams.Some of them were proposed tutoring in privacy… In the midst of this business was the deputy dean.Later, when the author of this letter was a junior lecturer, he was on agricultural works with students [3].Students were compulsorily sent to harvest potatoes during the semester.In Moscow Medical Academy it usually happened at the third year, so that some themes in pathology, surgery and internal medicine were lost.The agricultural works lasted up to 2 months, in 1984 even longer.The "commander" of the agricultural brigade was the son of the former rector
The article is devoted to the problem of overcoming the COVID-19 pandemic in Russia. Based on the experience of foreign countries, the author analyzes the feasibility of introducing strict quarantine measures in the country.
Differences in the histological grade of malignancies may reflect diagnostic quality, that is, averagely earlier or later tumor detection in a given country.Studies of Chernobyl-related renal-cell carcinoma with a control from Spain and Colombia are discussed here in comparison with thyroid cancer research.It is concluded that suppositions about averagely higher grade and enhanced aggressiveness of malignancies from the areas previously contaminated by the Chernobyl fallout are unfounded and can lead to overtreatment.Results of many studies of Chernobyl-related malignancies are valuable; but conclusions should be reassessed taking into account that some cases, classified as aggressive radiogenic cancers, were in fact late-stage neglected malignancies.Associations of various markers with the tumor progression can become a field for the future research and re-interpretation of data obtained in studies comparing malignancies from different countries.Some markers may reflect efficiency of healthcare services.
There is considerable evidence demonstrating associations between childhood trauma, including physical, sexual and emotional abuse, with negative mental health, physical health and social outcomes (Larkin and Read, 2008; Lown et al ., 2011), deficient social skills (Garbarino, 1987), antisocial behaviour (Jonson-Reid et al ., 2010), substance abuse (Gonzalez and MacMillan, 2008) and, in particular, misuse of alcohol in a victim's later life (Makhija and Sher, 2007; Caballero et al ., 2010; Rothman et al ., 2010). It was shown that childhood maltreatment is a risk factor for adolescent binge drinking (Shin et al ., 2009). Furthermore, it was reported on a direct link between the child abuse (CA) and adolescent suicide, between CA and adolescent substance and alcohol misuse, and an indirect link between CA and adolescent suicide through alcohol and substance misuse (Makhija, 2007). Childhood maltreatment has been linked to alcohol abuse and dependence in victims also after they become adults (Anda et al ., 2002; Dube et al ., 2002; Mirsal et al ., 2004; Cheng et al ., 2011); however, current evidence is considered (Shin et al ., 2009) to be insufficient to prove this relationship for male adults; and some studies do not indicate a significant association between child sexual or physical abuse and alcoholism in adult men, in contrast to women (Langeland and Hartgers, 1998; Widom and Hiller-Sturmhofel, 2001). As for causes and mechanisms, victims of abuse may resort to alcohol for improvement of their self-esteem (Neumark-Sztainer et al ., 1997); besides, alcohol misuse can be a form of self-destructive behaviour, arising from self-blame or feelings of worthlessness (Makhija and Sher, 2007). Generally speaking, individuals abused during their childhood might be prone to alcohol misuse, as they search for ways to cope with their experiences (Makhija and Sher, …
The article is a literature review concerning certain aspects of the history of Russian dentistry. In this regard, minimally invasive methods are discussed, including air-abrasive, laser, sonic and ultrasonic preparation, as well as atraumatic restorative treatment without mechanical preparation. Indications for minimally invasive methods, assessment of caries activity and prognosis, causes and mechanisms of the accelerated restoration cycle are discussed. The need to preserve dental tissues has been undervalued in the past. Non-selective preparation to hard dentin is currently considered hypertherapy. The concept of minimally invasive dentistry is also applied in endodontics and periodontology. In patients with gingival recession, it is important to protect atrophic tissues from further damage. After a tooth extraction, excessive socket curettage should be avoided. The research in dentistry should be protected from conflicts of interest. Patients should be objectively informed about treatment options, given recommendations based on clinical indications, wishes and possibilities. It is also necessary to develop economic measures in order to reorient private dental clinics to receive patients with compulsory medical insurance and the use of minimally invasive methods.
Overestimation of medical consequences of low-dose exposures to ionizing radiation contributes to the strangulation of nuclear energy production. Several examples of the overestimation are discussed here: the Chernobyl accident, East Urals Radioactive Trace and Semipalatinsk Nuclear Test Site. Results of certain studies of Chernobyl-related malignancies should be reassessed taking into account that some cases, classified as aggressive radiogenic cancers, were in fact late-stage malignancies. Associations of various markers with the tumor progression can become a field for future research and re-interpretation of data obtained in studies comparing malignancies from different regions. Reported correlations between low-dose exposures and non-malignant diseases call in question the cause-effect character of such correlations for cancer reported by the same and other researchers. The correlations may have been caused or influenced by bias, in particular, the dose-dependent selection and self-selection: individuals with higher dose estimates would be on average more motivated to undergo medical checkups and given more attention. Therefore, diagnostics tend to be more efficient in people with higher doses. Lifelong animal experiments are a promising approach to the research of dose-response relationships.
The purpose of this study is to understand the status of Pathology in Iraq evaluating health problems in the country.Pathologists in Iraq are at the top of the level of scientific knowledge and professional responsibility.Although there are adequate modern equipment, lack of chemicals and experienced technical service inadequacies are evident.Special stains and immunohistochemistry are performed only in some of the private laboratories.Consultation is often carried out within the department, but external consultations are less frequent.In terms of specialized training, highly motivated, knowledgeable rotators and residents are available.Technical personnel, even though not sufficient in number, have got adequate professional training and skills.There are many problems in running quality control programs in the laboratories.As a result, the progress in the health system of Iraq, and therefore the status of pathology discipline, are of great importance for the development of the country.Foreign pathologists as a volunteer or a staff will provide the objective points of identifying the problems and will help to find a solution.
Renal biopsy was broadly used for research in some institutions of the former Soviet Union: it was performed in patients with amyloidosis, renovascular hypertension (both kidneys), pyelonephritis and chronic alcoholism. When renal biopsy was performed in accordance with clinical indications, a part of the tissue cylinder was sometimes consumed for scientific purposes. Renal biopsy was performed in clinically inactive or latent glomerulonephritis, isolated proteinuria and/or hematuria. Semithin sections, silver and trichrome stains were not used in the routine, while electron microscopy was applied infrequently. In isolated proteinuria and/or hematuria, histologically are often found only minor glomerular abnormalities: slight mesangial widening and hypercellularity, scarce deposits of immunoglobulins and complement. Under such conditions, this picture can be misinterpreted as glomerulonephritis, which can entail overtreatment. In some studies, patients with the inactive or latent glomerulonephritis, isolated proteinuria or hematuria, were treated with corticosteroids and/or cytotoxic drugs. Today, the upturn in Russian economy enables acquisition of modern equipment; and medical research is on the increase. Under these circumstances, the main purpose of this letter was to remind that, performing renal biopsy, the risk-to-benefit ratio should be kept as low as possible. Keywords: Alcoholism, amyloidosis, glomerulonephritis, pyelonephritis, renal biopsy, renovascular hypertension
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