Providing a shared atmosphere, in which the participants can feel the existence of others, greatly enhances the efficiency of interactive distance learning (IDL). We propose a ring-based voice mixing method for creating a shared atmosphere in IDL. In this method, mixing devices called mixing units are logically connected to form a ring over a network. Each mixing unit mixes the voice signals received such that the output reflects the distance from the unit to the speakers on the ring. A software-based prototype system is realized by using common PC technology. Several experiments show that the method well supports medium size classes.
We propose an OAM-MIMO multiplexing system that effectively combines orbital angular momentum (OAM) and the advantage of multiple input multiple output (MIMO) based digital signal processing with multiple uniform circular arrays (UCAs) for point to point (P2P) line of sight (LOS) wireless transmission. We also implement transmitting (Tx) and receiving (Rx) antennas with quadruple UCAs, and each UCA has a broadband Butler matrix circuit for generating and separating OAM modes in the 28-GHz frequency band. We experimentally successfully demonstrate 120-Gbps wireless data transmission using five OAM modes (0, ±1, ±2) and 2-Gbaud adaptive modulation and coding with maximum modulation order of 256-QAM in the 27.5-29.5-GHz range. Our experimental results show the first step toward the next stage for super-high-capacity wireless communications.
1,2a-Disubstituted 1,2,2a,8b-tetrahydro-3H-benzo[b]cyclobuta[d]pyran-3-ones (10) bearing an electron-withdrawing group at the 2a-position were treated with two equivalents of dimethylsulfoxonium methylide to give r-1,t-4a,t-9b-1,3-disubstituted 1,2,4a,9b-tetrahydrodibenzofuran-4-ols (11) stereoconvergently regardless of the stereochemistry of the 1-position on the benzocyclobutapyran ring. This methodology was applied to the second-generation synthesis of (±)-linderol A (12), a melanin biosynthesis inhibitory natural product.
Deficits in social behavior are found in neurodevelopmental disorders, including autism spectrum disorders (ASDs). Since abnormalities in cerebellar morphology and function are observed in ASD patients, the cerebellum is thought to play a role in social behavior. However, it remains unknown whether the cerebellum is involved in social behavior in other animals and how cerebellar circuits control social behavior. To address this issue, we employed zebrafish stereotyped orienting behavior as a model of social behaviors, in which a pair of adult zebrafish in two separate tanks approach each other, with one swimming at synchronized angles (orienting angles) with the other. We harnessed transgenic zebrafish that express botulinum toxin, which inhibits the release of neurotransmitters, in either granule cells or Purkinje cells (PCs), and zebrafish mutants of reelin , which is involved in the positioning of cerebellar neurons, including PCs. These zebrafish, deficient in the function or formation of cerebellar neural circuits, showed a significantly shorter period of orienting behavior compared with their control siblings. We found an increase in c- fos and egr1 expression in the cerebellum after the orienting behavior. These results suggest that zebrafish cerebellar circuits play an important role in social orienting behavior.
An entry from the Cambridge Structural Database, the world’s repository for small molecule crystal structures. The entry contains experimental data from a crystal diffraction study. The deposited dataset for this entry is freely available from the CCDC and typically includes 3D coordinates, cell parameters, space group, experimental conditions and quality measures.
The aim of this study was to evaluate the resistance to fracture of endodontically treated teeth with flared canals restored with different post and core restorations under static and cyclic fatigue loadings. Sixty human maxillary central incisors were used. Two main groups (non-ferrule and 1-mm ferrule) were divided into three types of restoration: custom cast post-and-core (MPC), resin composite post-and-core (RCP), and resin composite core in combination with prefabricated carbon fiber post (FRC). Half of each group was subjected to a static loading test, and the other to a cyclic fatigue test. FRC exhibited a significantly higher number of load cycles than the other groups, and MPC showed the highest failure load among the tested groups. However, all FRC and MPC specimens demonstrated unfavorable root fractures. The results of this study suggested that RCP prepared with 1-mm ferrule was the most desirable restoration for structurally compromised roots, as relatively strong resistance to cyclic fatigue and fracture was revealed--given that all RCP specimens demonstrated favorable root fracture.
