The kinetics and localization of the reactions of metabolism are coordinated by the enzymes that catalyze them. These enzymes are controlled via a myriad of mechanisms including inhibition/activation by metabolites, compartmentalization, thermodynamics, and nutrient sensing-based transcriptional or post-translational regulation; all of which are influenced as a network by the activities of metabolic enzymes and have downstream potential to exert direct or indirect control over protein abundances. Considering many of these enzymes are active only when one or more vitamin cofactors are present; the availability of vitamin cofactors likely yields a systems-influence over tissue proteomes. Furthermore, vitamins may influence protein abundances as nuclear receptor agonists, antioxidants, substrates for post-translational modifications, molecular signal transducers, and regulators of electrolyte homeostasis. Herein, studies of vitamin intake are explored for their contribution to unraveling vitamin influence over protein expression. As a body of work, these studies establish vitamin intake as a regulator of protein abundance; with the most powerful demonstrations reporting regulation of proteins directly related to the vitamin of interest. However, as a whole, the field has not kept pace with advances in proteomic platforms and analytical methodologies, and has not moved to validate mechanisms of regulation or potential for clinical application.
Stable-isotope tracing is a method to measure intracellular metabolic pathway utilization by feeding a cellular system a stable-isotope-labeled tracer nutrient. The power of the method to resolve differential pathway utilization is derived from the enrichment of metabolites in heavy isotopes that are synthesized from the tracer nutrient. However, the readout is complicated by the presence of naturally occurring heavy isotopes that are not derived from the tracer nutrient. Herein we present an algorithm, and a tool that applies it (PolyMID-Correct, part of the PolyMID software package), to computationally remove the influence of naturally occurring heavy isotopes. The algorithm is applicable to stable-isotope tracing data collected on low- and high- mass resolution mass spectrometers. PolyMID-Correct is open source and available under an MIT license.
Even though many previous studies have reported the antioxidative, hypolipidemic and cardiovascular protective effects of hawthorn, none of them were tested using ovariectomized model. The aim of the present study was to investigate lipid profiles and antioxidant properties of hawthorn extract in pre‐ and postmenopausal models of rat. Forty‐two female Sprague‐Dawley rats were randomly divided into six groups; non‐OVX control(Sham), Sham+100mg/kg b.w of hawthorn extract(SL) and Sham+200mg/kg b.w of hawthorn extract(SH), OVX‐control(OVX), OVX+100mg/kg b.w of hawthorn extract(OL) and OVX+200mg/kg b.w of hawthorn extract(OH). Treatment groups were administered with hawthorn extract every day for 8 weeks. Final body weight of OVX group were significantly higher than Sham group(p<0.05), however the increment was significantly lower in both OL and OH group when compared with OVX group(p<0.05). Compared to Sham group, uterine weight and 17β‐estradiol level were significantly decreased in all OVX groups(p>0.05). These results show that ovariectomy is induced properly as intended. Serum total cholesterol(TC) level was significantly elevated in OVX group compared with Sham group(p<0.05), whereas OL and OH groups showed significant decrease(p<0.05). Hepatic triglyceride(TG) level was significantly reduced in both SL and SH group compared with Sham group(p<0.05). In addition, OH group showed the lowest hepatic TG level and highest HDL‐cholesterol level compared with OVX group(p<0.05). The OL and OH groups had significantly lower non‐HDL cholesterol level than OVX group(p<0.05). Serum glutathione peroxidase(GPx) activity of OH group was significantly higher than OVX group(p<0.05). The mRNA expression of GPx was highest in OL group(p<0.05) and the mRNA expression of catalase(CAT) was higher in both SL and SH group than Sham group(p<0.05). These results suggest that hawthorn extract could have protective effects on pre‐ and postmenopausal rats by improving lipid profiles and increasing antioxidant enzyme activity.
Dietary polyphenol has been shown to reduce oxidative and inflammatory reaction in animal models. Dried plum has been reported to be associated with bone metabolism and only few studies mentioned about antioxidative activities of dried plum especially focusing on aging. In this study, we investigated the effects of dried plum and chokeberry on aging markers and antioxidant activities with D‐galactose‐induced aging mouse model. After adaptation period, Balb/c mice were randomly divided into four groups(n=7 for each group): control group(C), D‐galactose‐induced aging group(D), D‐galactose‐induced aging with 10% dried plum group(P), D‐galactose‐induced aging with 1% chokeberry group(CH). All groups except for control group were injected with D‐galactose intraperitoneally for 8 weeks and control group was treated with saline as a substitute. After 8 weeks of treatment, the food intake and body weight gain showed no significant differences among all groups. There was a significant increase in serum malondialdehyde(MDA), liver MDA, and advanced glycation end products(AGE) levels in D group compared with control group(p<0.05). P and CH groups showed higher protein expression of KEAP1 in liver than D group, whereas the protein expression of SOD2 was showed significant increase in P and CH groups relative to D group(p<0.05). Enhancements in the protein expression of KEAP1 and SOD2 in P and CH groups were comparable to the result of control group(p<0.05). These results indicate that dried plum and chokeberry can improve some aging markers in D‐galactose‐induced aging mouse model.
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