Pain is an unpleasant sensation that originates from ongoing or impending tissue damage. Management of different types of pain (acute, postoperative, inflammatory, neuropathic cancer) is challenging and yet the most frequent issue encountered by clinicians. Pharmacological therapy is the first line of approach for the treatment of pain and opioid drugs are prescribed for acute and chronic pain of moderate/severe intensity arising from malignant and nonmalignant diseases. The opium poppy was cultivated as early as 3400BC in Mesopotamia. The term opium refers to a mixture of alkaloids from the poppy seed. Opiates are naturally occurring alkaloids such as morphine or codeine and opioid is the term used broadly to describe all compounds that work at the opioid receptors. The physiologic modulation of noxious stimuli involves a highly complex system that integrates the actions of multiple opioid receptors and endogenous opioid peptides. Opioids produce their actions at a cellular level by activating opioid receptors. These receptors are distributed throughout the central nervous system (CNS) with high concentrations in the nuclei of tractus solitarius, peri-aqueductal grey area (PAG), cerebral cortex, thalamus and substantia gelatinosa (SG) of the spinal cord. They have also been found on peripheral afferent nerve terminals and many other organs. The efficacy of centrally applied opioids is well recognized, but when applied peripherally, for example in posttraumatic and inflammatory states, their actions are less reliable. Although they are associated with addiction, dependence, tolerance and abuse liability even then their place in pain management remains undebatable and
Frequency and temperature dependence of dielectric constant 0 and dielectric 00 in pure polyester resin and polymer composites with various types of glass ber are studied in the frequency range 330 Hz{ 3 MHz and in the temperature range 25{150C. The experimental results show that 0 and 00 increased with the addition of glass ber in polyester resin. The value of 0 decreased with increasing frequency, which indicates that the major contribution to the polarization comes from orientation polarization. Dielectric loss peaks were also observed in the composite materials at high temperature due to Tg of polyester. The value of 0 increased with increasing temperature, and is due to greater freedom of movement of the dipole molecular chains within the polyester at high temperature.
In this article, structural, mechanical, optical and electronic properties of MAX phase ternary Mo2Ga2C, Mo2GaC and Mo3GaC2 carbides are reported. Theoretical calculations are performed by applying OLCAO method within the density functional theory. All three carbides fulfill the structural stability criteria mechanically. The calculated formation energies of all three ternary carbides indicate the structural stability of these carbides. The Mo2GaC and Mo3GaC2 carbides are found less resistant to thermal shock as compared to Mo2Ga2C carbide. Band structure plots reveal conducting behavior of Mo2Ga2C, Mo2GaC and Mo3GaC2 carbides. DOS spectra of Mo2Ga2C, Mo2GaC and Mo3GaC2 carbides show an increasing number of energy states at Fermi level. The calculations of localization index reveal highly delocalized energy states near Fermi level, EF. Effective charge (Q∗) calculations reveal that the Mo atoms have charge losing trend in these carbides. Bond order (BO) calculations show dominant role of covalent nature of Mo–C bonds in the stability and cohesion of all three carbides. Optical behavior of carbides shows anisotropic characteristics up to energy ≤9.0 eV. Above 9.0 eV, carbides exhibit isotropic behavior. Theoretical results suggest that these carbides can of interest for electronic and optical applications.
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