In the present study, both analytical and experimental investigations of adaptive active noise control are performed for the case noise evaluating point moves in time. Respective noise and control sound source is located in infinite space, where the sound caused by noise source is attenuated by a control source at error sensor evaluating sound level. It is known that adaptive controller effectively identifies error path change caused by evaluation point movement, and also generates appropriate control output. However, higher frequency noise and also increase in traveling speed of evaluation point deteriorate noise reduction level.
When a link chain consisting of steel rings with the link pitch of 15∼25 mm was subjected to a constant tensile velocity at its one end, the load produced corresponding to the velocity was measured by means of strain gages. The load measured was studied on the basis of a one-dimensional theory of stress wave propagation. As a result, it was found that the above theory is available to determine the load if the chain is replaced by an equivalent rod ; that is, the load is proportional to the velocity, and the proportionality constant is determined by the link pitch, the weight per unit link and the slope of the load-strain relation of the chain under static tension. Further, the case for a chain struck by a drop weight was also studied. It was shown that the upper limit of the maximum load produced is expressed by the ratio of the weight of the striking body to that of the chain.
ABSTRACT HIV-1 patients continue to remain at an abnormal immune status despite prolonged combination antiretroviral therapy (cART), which results in an increased risk of non-AIDS-related diseases. Given the growing recognition of the importance of understanding and controlling the residual virus in patients, additional virological markers to monitor infected cells are required. However, viral replication in circulating cells is much poorer than that in lymph nodes, which results in the absence of markers to distinguish these cells from uninfected cells in the blood. In this study, we identified prematurely terminated short HIV-1 transcripts (STs) in peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs) as an efficient intracellular biomarker to monitor viral activation and immune status in patients with cART-mediated full viral suppression in plasma. STs were detected in PBMCs obtained from both treated and untreated patients. ST levels in untreated patients generally increased with disease progression and decreased after treatment initiation. However, some patients exhibited sustained high levels of ST and low CD4 + cell counts despite full viral suppression by treatment. The levels of STs strongly reflected chronic immune activation defined by coexpression of HLA-DR and CD38 on CD8 + T cells, rather than circulating proviral load. These observations represent evidence for a relationship between viral persistence and host immune activation, which in turn results in the suboptimal increase in CD4 + cells despite suppressive antiretroviral therapy. This cell-based measurement of viral persistence contributes to an improved understanding of the dynamics of viral persistence in cART patients and will guide therapeutic approaches targeting viral reservoirs. IMPORTANCE Combination antiretroviral therapy (cART) suppresses HIV-1 load to below the detectable limit in plasma. However, the virus persists, and patients remain at an abnormal immune status, which results in an increased risk of non-AIDS-related complications. To achieve a functional cure for HIV-1 infection, activities of viral reservoirs must be quantified and monitored. However, latently infected cells are difficult to be monitored. Here, we identified prematurely terminated short HIV-1 transcripts (STs) as an efficient biomarker for monitoring viral activation and immune status in patients with cART-mediated full viral suppression in plasma. This cell-based measurement of viral persistence will contribute to our understanding of the impact of residual virus on chronic immune activation in HIV-1 patients during cART.
In order to evaluate the clinical effectiveness of immunotherapy on gastric cancer patients, we performed two controlled trials of immunotherapy with BCG-CWS and Nocardia rubra CWS respectively. A controlled trial of BCG-CWS was performed from 1976 to 1978. The result showed an improved survival rate of the immunotherapy as compared with the chemotherapy group. From September 1979 through March 1981, a total of 302 patients with gastric cancer undergoing gastrectomy at the Department of Surgery, Chiba University Hospital and its 14 affiliated hospitals were studied for clinical effectiveness of immunotherapy with N-CWS. The subjects were stratified by a gross stage of cancer and degree of operative curability. They were then randomly assigned to either chemotherapy group or chemotherapy plus immunotherapy group. Immunotherapy used was intradermal injection of 400 micrograms of N-CWS which was given weekly for the first month and monthly thereafter. After the specimen was examined microscopically, the patients were classified by histological stage of cancer and radicality of surgical intervention into curative or non-curative groups. The patients were surveyed for survival period in December 1981. No statistical difference was found between the two treatment groups in age, sex or operative procedures that might influence the patient's survival. As a result, statistical intergroup difference in survival rates was not seen in patients of the curative group, probably due to short observation period. However, the intergroup difference in survival rates was statistically significant in patients of the non-curative group (p less than 0.01). These results indicate that the immunotherapy with BCG-CWS or with N-CWS is effective in patients undergoing gastrectomy for gastric cancer.
To evaluate the role of the copy number loss in SFMBT1 in a Caucasian population.Five hundred sixty-seven Finnish and 377 Norwegian patients with idiopathic normal pressure hydrocephalus (iNPH) were genotyped and compared with 508 Finnish elderly, neurologically healthy controls. The copy number loss in intron 2 of SFMBT1 was determined using quantitative PCR.The copy number loss in intron 2 of SFMBT1 was detected in 10% of Finnish (odds ratio [OR] = 1.9, p = 0.0078) and in 21% of Norwegian (OR = 4.7, p < 0.0001) patients with iNPH compared with 5.4% in Finnish controls. No copy number gains in SFMBT1 were detected in patients with iNPH or healthy controls. The carrier status did not provide any prognostic value for the effect of shunt surgery in either population. Moreover, no difference was detected in the prevalence of hypertension or T2DM between SFMBT1 copy number loss carriers and noncarriers.This is the largest and the first multinational study reporting the increased prevalence of the copy number loss in intron 2 of SFMBT1 among patients with iNPH, providing further evidence of its role in iNPH. The pathogenic role still remains unclear, requiring further study.
