Chronic pain is one of the most significant medical problems throughout the world. Recent evidence has confirmed the hippocampus as an active modulator of pain chronicity, but the underlying mechanisms remain unclear. Using in vivo electrophysiology, we identify a neural ensemble in the ventral hippocampal CA1 (vCA1) that shows inhibitory responses to noxious but not innocuous stimuli. Following peripheral inflammation, this ensemble becomes responsive to innocuous stimuli, representing hypersensitivity. Mimicking the inhibition of vCA1 neurons using chemogenetics induces chronic pain-like behaviors in naive mice, whereas activating vCA1 neurons in mice with peripheral inflammation results in a reduction of pain-related behaviors. Pathway-specific manipulation of vCA1 projections to basolateral amygdala (BLA) and infralimbic cortex (IL) shows that these pathways are differentially involved in pain modulation at different temporal stages of chronic inflammatory pain. These results confirm a crucial role of the vCA1 and its circuits in modulating the development of chronic pain.
The purpose of this study was to investigate seasonal changes of spermatogenesis and the cellular localization of P450c17 and P450arom in wild male ground squirrels during the breeding and non-breeding seasons. The testicular weight, testicular size and score count of spermatogenesis from April to September were measured, and histological and immunohistochemical observations of testicular tissues were performed in wild male ground squirrels. In addition, total proteins were extracted from testicular tissue in the breeding and non-breeding seasons and were used for Western blotting analysis for P450c17 and P450arom. There were marked variations in testicular weight, testicular size and score count of spermatogenesis from the breeding season (April) to the non-breeding season (September). Histologically, spermatogonia, primary spermatocytes, secondary spermatocytes and spermatozoa were identified in the breeding season (April). Immunolocalization of P450c17 was detected in Leydig cells and spermatozoa during the breeding season and was only found in Leydig cells during the non-breeding season. The positive signals of P450c17 by Western blotting were both observed in the breeding and non-breeding seasons. Immunolocalization of P450arom was observed in Leydig cells, Sertoli cells and all types of spermatogenic cells including mature-phase spermatozoa in the breeding season, while immunoreactivity for P450arom was not present in the testis of the non-breeding season. With P450arom antibody, a band was also only detected in the breeding season by Western blotting. These results suggest that the seasonal changes in testicular weight and size are correlated with spermatogenesis and immunolocalization of P450c17 and P450arom, and androgen and estrogen may play an important role in the spermatogenesis and testicular recrudescence and regression process.
Abstract Objective To investigate the effects of Bushen Tiaoxue Granules and Kunling Wan, the two Chinese medicines, on vascular dysfunction and the impairment of endometrial receptivity caused by controlled ovarian hyperstimulation and its underlying mechanism. Methods Female Sprague Dawley rats with regular estrous cycle were enrolled and given Bushen Tiaoxue Granules or Kunling Wan by gavage for 12 days, and then, controlled ovarian hyperstimulation model was induced. We assessed endometrial microvessels, endometrial blood flow, levels of estradiol and progesterone in serum, vascular endothelial growth factor A upstream molecules estrogen and progesterone receptors in the endometrium, and pregnancy outcome. Results Pre‐treatment of Bushen Tiaoxue Granules or Kunling Wan increases endometrial blood flow of controlled ovarian hyperstimulation rats, up‐regulates vascular endothelial growth factor A and microvessels, improves the endometrial morphology of controlled ovarian hyperstimulation rats during implantation, decreases the super physiological concentration of estradiol and progesterone in serum, and increases the expression of vascular endothelial growth factor A upstream molecules estrogen and progesterone receptors in the endometrium. In addition, Bushen Tiaoxue Granules or Kunling Wan elevates the lysophosphatidic acid receptor 3 that participates in vascularization and increases the expression of leukemia inhibitory factor through up‐regulating the expression of p53 in the endometrium, ultimately affecting pregnancy outcome. Conclusion This study demonstrated Bushen Tiaoxue Granules or Kunling Wan as a potential strategy for prevention of impairment in angiogenesis and endometrial receptivity induced by controlled ovarian hyperstimulation.
Polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS) is a common endocrine and metabolic disorder in premenopausal women, often linked to abdominal obesity, insulin resistance, and metabolic issues. With its heterogeneous nature, PCOS treatment should be tailored to individual symptoms and patient preferences. This study examines collaboration networks among countries, institutions, authors, references, and journals related to PCOS treatment.
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