Phil D. Lukert

University of Georgia

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Branson W. Ritchie

University of Georgia

Frank D. Niagro

University of Georgia

Kenneth S. Latimer

Covance (United States)

Denise Pesti

University of Georgia

W. L. Steffens

University of Georgia

O. J. Fletcher

North Carolina State University

Raymond P. Campagnoli

Centers for Disease Control and Prevention

Janine L. Brown

Smithsonian Conservation Biology Institute

Pauline M. Rakich

University of Georgia

Nancy Pritchard

University of Georgia

Cooperative Institutions

University of Georgia

Georgia College & State University

Agricultural Research Service

United States Department of Agriculture

U.S. National Poultry Research Center

North Carolina State University

Centers for Disease Control and Prevention

University of Illinois Urbana-Champaign

Health Foundation

ET Enterprises (United Kingdom)

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Comparison of three animal viruses with circular single-stranded DNA genomes

Archives of Virology (1991)

D. Todd Frank D. Niagro Branson W. Ritchie W. L. Curran Gordon Allan

Circovirus

10.1007/bf01310498

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Citations (118)

Infectious Bursal Disease Viral Infections. II. The Relationship of Age, Complement Levels, Virus-Neutralizing Antibody, Clotting, and Lesions

Avian Diseases (1979)

J. K. Skeeles Phil D. Lukert E. V. De Buysscher O. J. Fletcher Janine L. Brown

Experimental infection with infectious bursal disease virus (IBDV) reduced the complement (C) titer in 8-week-old chickens on days 3, 5, and 7 postinfection. Since the C titer was much lower in normal 2-week-old chickens than in normal 8-week-old chickens it could not be determined whether there was a reduction in titer during the infection process. Virus-neutralizing antibody rose rapidly following infection in both 2- and 8-week-old chickens. Hyper-immune serum given during infection in an attempt to produce immune complexes did not increase disease severity in either 2- or 6-week-old susceptible chickens.

Infectious bursal disease

10.2307/1589677

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Citations (34)

Routes and prevalence of shedding of psittacine beak and feather disease virus.

PubMed (1991)

Branson W. Ritchie Frank D. Niagro K S Latimer W. L. Steffens Denise Pesti

Psittacine beak and feather disease (PBFD) virus was recovered from the feces and crop washings from various species of psittacine birds diagnosed with PBFD. High concentrations of the virus also could be demonstrated in feather dust collection from a room where 22 birds with active cases of PBFD were being housed. The virions recovered from the feces, crop, and feather dust were confirmed to be PBFD virus by ultrastructural, physical, or antigenic characteristics. Virus recovered from the feather dust and feces hemagglutinated cockatoo erythrocytes. The specificity of the agglutination was confirmed by hemagglutination inhibition, using rabbit antibodies against PBFD virus. During the test period, 26% (8 of 31) of the birds screened were found to be excreting PBFD virus in their feces, and 21% (3 of 14) of crop washings were positive for PBFD virus. Some birds in the sample group had active cases of diarrhea, whereas others had normal-appearing feces. Diarrhea was found to be the only significant indicator of whether a bird was likely to be excreting virus from the digestive tract. These findings suggest that exposure of susceptible birds to PBFD virus may occur from contact with contaminated feather dust, feces, or crop secretions. Viral particles that were morphologically similar to parvovirus (20- to 24 nm-icosahedral nonenveloped virions) also were recovered from feces of some of the birds.

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Field Studies with Convalescent Serum and Infectious Bursal Disease Vaccine to Control Turkey Coryza

Avian Diseases (1980)

D. C. Johnson Phil D. Lukert R. K. Page

Convalescent serum given to 1-day-old poults delayed clinical signs of turkey coryza by several days and reduced mortality on infected farms. Turkey breeders immunized with cell-culture-adapted infectious bursal disease virus (IBDV) or turkey infectious bursal disease virus (TIBDV) had a marked increase in virus-neutralization (VN) antibody titers. The VN antibody titer was significantly higher in progeny poults than in poults from unimmunized breeders. Clinical turkey coryza and mortality was considerably less in poults from IBD- or TIBD-vaccinated breeders than in control poults. They also responded more favorably to hemorrhagic enteritis and fowl cholera vaccination.

Infectious bursal disease

Newcastle Disease

Antibody titer

Fowl cholera

10.2307/1589705

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Citations (24)

The Effect of Aflatoxin on Complement Activity in Broiler Chickens

Poultry Science (1985)

Robert G. Stewart J. K. Skeeles R. D. Wyatt Janine L. Brown R. K. Page

Groups of broiler chickens were fed rations containing .625, 1.25, or 2.5 μg total aflatoxin/g of feed from one day to 42 days of age. Treatment groups were segregated according to sex and control groups were maintained. The chickens were bled at 14-day intervals, and serum was collected for assay of total complement (C) activity using a radial hemolytic procedure. No significant differences were found in C titers between males and females of the same age group. For the sexes combined, mean C titers of chickens fed aflatoxin were compared to mean titers of controls. For each age group, significant differences in C titers existed only between the control group and those chickens fed 2.5 μg/g aflatoxin. Complement is a major component of the humoral immune response and this study adds to the evidence that aflatoxin can be immunosuppressive to chickens.

Antibody titer

10.3382/ps.0640616

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Citations (25)

Efficacy of an Inactivated Avian Polyomavirus Vaccine

Journal of the Association of Avian Veterinarians (1993)

Branson W. Ritchie Frank D. Niagro Kenneth S. Latimer Denise Pesti Cheryl B. Greenacre

10.2307/27671085

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Citations (2)

Safety, immunogenicity, and efficacy of an inactivated avian polyomavirus vaccine

American Journal of Veterinary Research (1998)

Branson W. Ritchie Kenneth S. Latimer Joan Leonard Denise Pesti Raymond P. Campagnoli

SUMMARY Objective To determine safety, immunogenicity, and efficacy of an inactivated avian polyomavirus vaccine in nonbudgerigar psittacine birds that varied in age, species, and immunologic status. Animals Safety of the vaccine was evaluated in 1,823 psittacines representing more than 80 species. Immunogenicity was evaluated in 285 birds (260 of various Psittaciformes species, 25 chickens). Efficacy was evaluated in 104 birds (78 of various Psittaciformes species, 26 chickens). Procedures Safety was evaluated by vaccinating birds that were determined to be seronegative or seropositive (titer > 1:10) prior to vaccination. Birds were then evaluated for clinically detectable systemic or local reactions for 2 months to 2 years. Immunogenicity was evaluated by testing for virus-neutralizing antibodies, vaccinating each bird twice, and then testing for a significant change in antibody titer. Efficacy was evaluated by vaccinating birds, followed in 2 to 4 weeks by intramuscular or intravenous challenge exposure. After challenge exposure, protection was evaluated by attempting to recover virus from tissues or by observing birds for clinical signs of disease and testing for a significant change in titer. Conclusions Avian polyomavirus vaccine is safe, immunogenic, and efficacious for use in multiple species of mature and immature psittacines. Clinical Relevance Until now, prevention of polyomavirus infection in psittacine birds could only be accomplished through strict isolation to reduce potential exposure to the virus. The USDA-registered inactivated avian polyomavirus vaccine can safely be used to protect vaccinates from infection and control spread of this virus in flocks. ( Am J Vet Res 1998,59:143–148)

10.2460/ajvr.1998.59.02.143

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Comparative Sensitivities of Embryonating Chicken's Eggs and Primary Chicken Embryo Kidney and Liver Cell Cultures to Infectious Bronchitis Virus

Avian Diseases (1965)

Phil D. Lukert

presence of Salmonella and other enteric organisms. Poult. Sci. 34: 215, 1955. 4. Gray, D. F., P. F. Lewis, and C. J. R. Gorrie. Bone meal as a source of bovine salmonellosis. Austral. Vet. J. 34: 345-351, 1958. 5. Gray, D. F., O. C. Harley, and J. L. Noble. The ecology and control of Salmonella contamination in bonemeal. Austral. Vet. J. 36: 246-252, 1960. 6. Isa, J. M., B. R. Boycott, and E. Broughton. Survey of Salmonella contamination. Can. Vet. J. 4: 41-43, 1963. 7. Report of a working party of the Public Health Laboratory Service. Salmonella organisms in animal feeding stuffs. Monthly Bulletin of the Ministry of Health and The Public Health Laboratory Service 20: 73-85, 1961. 8. Watkins, J. R., A. I. Flowers, and L. C. Grumbles. Salmonella organisms in animal products used in poultry feeds. Avian Dis. 3: 290-301, 1959. 9. Wedman, E. E. Findings and recommendations of the United States Department of Agriculture task force on Salmonella in animal by-products and foods. Proc. 65th Annual Meeting of the United States Livestock Sanitary Assoc. 458-463, 1961. 10. Wright, M. L., G. W. Anderson, and N. A. Epps. Salmonella isolations from feed additives of animal origin. Can. J. Publ. Health. 53: 36, 1962.

10.2307/1588016

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Citations (40)

Use of an inactivated virus vaccine to control polyomavirus outbreaks in nine flocks of psittacine birds

Journal of the American Veterinary Medical Association (1998)

Branson W. Ritchie Samuel B. Vaughn Judy St. Leger Gregory A. Rich Dave J. Rupiper

Nine flocks of psittacine birds were examined because of sudden death of neonates. In each flock, cause of death was determined to be polyomavirus infection, by means of DNA testing and in situ hybridization. Contaminated areas of aviaries were cleaned and disinfected, and vaccination programs, using a recently approved inactivated polyomavirus vaccine, were instituted. Use of the vaccine was found to be safe and efficacious.

Flock

10.2460/javma.1998.212.05.685

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Citations (10)

Immunization Studies with a Cell-Culture-Adapted Infectious Bursal Disease Virus

Avian Diseases (1979)

J. K. Skeeles Phil D. Lukert O. J. Fletcher James D. Leonard

A cell-culture-adapted infectious bursal disease virus (IBDV) was as effective as a commercial vaccine in protecting against challenge. Chickens immunized with the cell-culture-adapted IBDV showed less effect on the bursa than chickens vaccinated with the commercial vaccine. The cell-culture-adapted virus produced effective immunity after oral or subcutaneous inoculation. The minimum immunizing dose in one-day-old chicks was between 4,000 and 40,000 plaqueforming units (PFU) when given by subcutaneous injection. Most chicks responded to a dose of 4,000 PFU. Ninety percent of maternally immune chickens were effectively vaccinated at two weeks of age when the geometric mean titer for virus-neutralizing antibody (GMT-VN) was about 1:78. Birds from this same group could not be immunized at one week of age when the GMT-VN was 1:466.

Infectious bursal disease

10.2307/1589576

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Citations (94)