Abstract Anguilla anguilla elvers, reared in warm fresh water, were treated with 17 a‐methyltestosterone (MT) and with 17 α‐ethynilestradiol (EE), administered with a commercial diet. A very low proportion of untreated elvers developed as females. A very high proportion of the EE treated elvers developed as females and the gonads differentiated as ovaries at an earlier growth stage. Among the MT treated elvers, in a very low proportion of eels the gonads developed as ovaries, most into a undifferentiated testis‐like gonad and some with abnormal histological features.
Riluzole 5 mg/mL oral suspension is the only licensed liquid medicine to treat Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis (ALS) orally. As more than 80% of ALS patients develop dysphagia, an oral liquid formulation provides an important therapeutic option. The Riluzole 5 mg/mL oral suspension is administered by means of the graduated oral dosing syringe included in the medicine package. Its concentration (5 mg/mL) is consistent with a small and easy to measure volume (10 mL) to deliver the prescribed 50-mg dose twice daily. This work had a dual objective. The first was to evaluate the texture of the Riluzole 5 mg/mL oral suspension according to the International Dysphagia Diet Standardisation Initiative (IDDSI) flow test. Results of this experiment indicated that Riluzole 5 mg/mL oral suspension would basically fall under the “mildly thick” IDDSI descriptors. This is an important feature because thick fluids facilitate a safer swallow in patients with dysphagia. As a second objective, we evaluated for scientific purposes the compatibility of Riluzole 5 mg/mL oral suspension with some of the most common food thickeners available on the market. Intimate mixtures of the Riluzole 5 mg/mL oral suspension with thickeners were evaluated for appearance, pH, Riluzole assay and Riluzole related substances immediately after preparation and after two hours at room temperature. Riluzole 5 mg/mL oral suspension resulted to be compatible with all the marketed thickeners tested.
The plant hormone abscisic acid (ABA) is released from glucose-challenged human pancreatic β cells and stimulates insulin secretion. We investigated whether plasma ABA increased during oral and intravenous glucose tolerance tests (OGTTs and IVGTTs) in healthy human subjects. In all subjects undergoing OGTTs (n=8), plasma ABA increased over basal values (in a range from 2- to 9-fold). A positive correlation was found between the ABA area under the curve (AUC) and the glucose AUC. In 4 out of 6 IVGTTs, little or no increase of ABA levels was observed. In the remaining subjects, the ABA increase was similar to that recorded during OGTTs. GLP-1 stimulated ABA release from an insulinoma cell line and from human islets, by ∼10- and 2-fold in low and high glucose, respectively. Human adipose tissue also released ABA in response to high glucose. Nanomolar ABA stimulated glucose uptake, similarly to insulin, in rat L6 myoblasts and in murine 3T3-L1 cells differentiated to adipocytes, by increasing GLUT-4 translocation to the plasma membrane. Demonstration that a glucose load in humans is followed by a physiological rise of plasma ABA, which can enhance glucose uptake by adipose tissues and muscle cells, identifies ABA as a new mammalian hormone involved in glucose metabolism.
