Don L. Gardiner

University of Queensland

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Katharine R. Trenholme

QIMR Berghofer Medical Research Institute

Kadaba S. Sriprakash

QIMR Berghofer Medical Research Institute

Alison Goodfellow

Illawarra Shoalhaven Local Health District

Bart J. Currie

Menzies School of Health Research

Jon Hartas

Griffith University

Tina S. Skinner‐Adams

Griffith University

John D. Mathews

Western Sydney University

Alice Butterworth

QIMR Berghofer Medical Research Institute

Jens G. Mattsson

Swedish Veterinary Agency

M. Keppel

University of Duisburg-Essen

Cooperative Institutions

QIMR Berghofer Medical Research Institute

Menzies School of Health Research

University of Queensland

University of Melbourne

University of Edinburgh

La Trobe University

Moredun Research Institute

Griffith University

University of Freiburg

Ferdowsi University of Mashhad

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Molecular Epidemiology of Group A Streptococcal Infection in the Northern Territory of Australia

Advances in experimental medicine and biology (1997)

Don L. Gardiner Jon Hartas Megan Hibble Alison Goodfellow Bart J. Currie

Group A

Molecular Epidemiology

10.1007/978-1-4899-1825-3_76

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Citations (13)

Selective permeabilization of the host cell membrane of Plasmodium falciparum-infected red blood cells with streptolysin O and equinatoxin II

Biochemical Journal (2007)

Katherine E. Jackson Tobias Spielmann Eric Hanssen Akinola Adisa Frances Separovic

Plasmodium falciparum develops within the mature RBCs (red blood cells) of its human host in a PV (parasitophorous vacuole) that separates the host cell cytoplasm from the parasite surface. The pore-forming toxin, SLO (streptolysin O), binds to cholesterol-containing membranes and can be used to selectively permeabilize the host cell membrane while leaving the PV membrane intact. We found that in mixtures of infected and uninfected RBCs, SLO preferentially lyses uninfected RBCs rather than infected RBCs, presumably because of differences in cholesterol content of the limiting membrane. This provides a means of generating pure preparations of viable ring stage infected RBCs. As an alternative permeabilizing agent we have characterized EqtII (equinatoxin II), a eukaryotic pore-forming toxin that binds preferentially to sphingomyelin-containing membranes. EqtII lyses the limiting membrane of infected and uninfected RBCs with similar efficiency but does not disrupt the PV membrane. It generates pores of up to 100 nm, which allow entry of antibodies for immunofluorescence and immunogold labelling. The present study provides novel tools for the analysis of this important human pathogen and highlights differences between Plasmodium-infected and uninfected RBCs.

Streptolysin

Cytolysin

Pore-forming toxin

Immunogold labelling

Cell membrane

10.1042/bj20061725

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Citations (104)

Group A Streptococcal Vir Types Are M-Protein Gene (emm) Sequence Type Specific

Journal of Clinical Microbiology (1998)

Don L. Gardiner Alison Goodfellow Diana Martin Kadaba S. Sriprakash

The M-protein genes (emm genes) of 103 separate impetiginous Streptococcus pyogenes isolates were sequenced and the sequence types were compared to the types obtained by Vir typing. Vir typing is based on restriction fragment length polymorphism (RFLP) analysis of a 4- to 7-kb pathogenicity island encoding emm and other virulence genes. By using both HaeIII and HinfI to generate RFLP profiles, complete concordance between Vir type and emm sequence type was found. Comparison of the emm sequences with those in GenBank revealed new sequence types sharing less than 90% identity with known types. Diversity in the emm sequence was generated by corrected frameshift mutations, point mutations, and small in-frame mutations.

Streptococcus Pyogenes

HaeIII

Insertion sequence

Sequence (biology)

10.1128/jcm.36.4.902-907.1998

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Citations (36)

Plasmodium falciparumgametocytes: with a view to a kill

Parasitology (2013)

Alice Butterworth Tina S. Skinner‐Adams Don L. Gardiner Katharine R. Trenholme

SUMMARY Drugs that kill or inhibit the sexual stages of Plasmodium in order to prevent transmission are important components of malaria control programmes. Reducing gametocyte carriage is central to the control of Plasmodium falciparum transmission as infection can result in extended periods of gametocytaemia. Unfortunately the number of drugs with activity against gametocytes is limited. Primaquine is currently the only licensed drug with activity against the sexual stages of malaria parasites and its use is hampered by safety concerns. This shortcoming is likely the result of the technical challenges associated with gametocyte studies together with the focus of previous drug discovery campaigns on asexual parasite stages. However recent emphasis on malaria eradication has resulted in an upsurge of interest in identifying compounds with activity against gametocytes. This review examines the gametocytocidal properties of currently available drugs as well as those in the development pipeline and examines the prospects for discovery of new anti-gametocyte compounds.

Plasmodium (life cycle)

10.1017/s0031182013001236

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Citations (28)

Multiple strains of Streptococcus pyogenes in skin sores of aboriginal Australians

Journal of Clinical Microbiology (1995)

Jonathan R. Carapetis Don L. Gardiner Bart J. Currie John D. Mathews

A molecular technique (random amplification of polymorphic DNA) was used to characterize group A streptococcal (GAS) strains among 194 isolates from 55 swabs from 12 Australian Aboriginal children and adults with multiple pyoderma lesions. Ninety-three percent of the lesions contained only one strain of GAS, but 8 of 12 individuals were infected with more than one strain. We conclude that accurate epidemiologic surveys require that more than one swab specimen be obtained from each person, whereas typing of more than one colony per swab is less informative. Characterization of GAS strains by random amplification of polymorphic DNA analysis should help to provide important insights into the epidemiology of GAS, particularly in tropical populations where many isolates are M nontypeable, and into the mechanisms of genetic variation of GAS in such populations.

Streptococcus Pyogenes

Pyoderma

Molecular Epidemiology

Strain (injury)

10.1128/jcm.33.6.1471-1472.1995

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Citations (52)

Molecular epidemiology of impetiginous group A streptococcal infections in aboriginal communities of northern Australia

Journal of Clinical Microbiology (1996)

Don L. Gardiner Kadaba S. Sriprakash

Group A streptococcal infections among the Aboriginal communities of the Northern Territory of Australia are endemic, with a concurrently high rate of the postinfection sequelae of rheumatic fever and acute post-streptococcal glomerulonephritis. The majority of the group A streptococcal isolates from the Northern Territory are not typeable by M typing. We recently developed a novel genotyping method, Vir typing. A preliminary study using this method discriminated all the M-nontypeable (MNT) isolates. Vir typing is based on restriction fragment length polymorphisms of the 4- to 7-kb Vir regulon of group A streptococci, which contains a number of genes, including emm (the gene for M protein). A total of 407 isolates of group A streptococci obtained from four Aboriginal communities over a 4-year period were typed by this genotyping method. Forty-two distinct genotypes were found among the isolates, including 22 among the MNT isolates. The correlation between Vir type and M type was good. This genotyping method allows the characterization of all group A streptococcal isolates from Aboriginal communities in the Northern Territory. We also propose that Vir typing be used in conjunction with M typing for epidemiological surveillance in geographical regions where the majority of isolates are MNT.

Molecular Epidemiology

Group A

Group B

10.1128/jcm.34.6.1448-1452.1996

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Citations (63)

PAR volume 140 issue 14 Cover and Back matter

Parasitology (2013)

Robert Walker David Ferguson Catherine Chaussain Nicholas L. Smith Alice Butterworth

An abstract is not available for this content so a preview has been provided. As you have access to this content, a full PDF is available via the ‘Save PDF’ action button.

Content (measure theory)

10.1017/s003118201300190x

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A green fluorescent protein-based assay for determining gametocyte production in Plasmodium falciparum

Molecular and Biochemical Parasitology (2008)

Michael J. Dixon Chris Peatey Don L. Gardiner Katharine R. Trenholme

Chimera (genetics)

10.1016/j.molbiopara.2008.10.004

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Citations (40)

Searching for Acute Poststreptococcal Glomerulonephritis-Associated Streptococcus pyogenes in Australian Aboriginal Communities