Sperm cells are of unique elongated structure and function, the development of which is tightly regulated by the existing proteins and the posttranslational modifications (PTM) of these proteins. Based on the phylogenetic relationships of various swine breeds, Yorkshire boar is believed to be distinctly different from Duroc boar. The comprehensive differential proteomics and phosphoproteomics profilings were performed on spermatozoa from both Yorkshire and Duroc boars. By both peptide and PTM peptide quantification followed by statistical analyses, 167 differentially expressed proteins were identified from 1,745 proteins, and 283 differentially expressed phosphopeptides corresponding to 102 unique differentially phosphorylated proteins were measured from 1,140 identified phosphopeptides derived from 363 phosphorylated proteins. The representative results were validated by Western blots. Pathway enrichment analyses revealed that majority of differential expression proteins and differential phosphorylation proteins were primarily concerned with spermatogenesis, male gamete generation, sperm motility, energy metabolism, cilium morphogenesis, axonemal dynein complex assembly, sperm–egg recognition, and capacitation. Remarkably, axonemal dynein complex assembly related proteins, such as SMCP, SUN5, ODF1, AKAP3, and AKAP4 that play a key regulatory role in the sperm physiological functions, were significantly higher in Duroc spermatozoa than that of Yorkshire. Furthermore, phosphorylation of sperm-specific proteins, such as CABYR, ROPN1, CALM1, PRKAR2A, and PRKAR1A, participates in regulation of the boar sperm motility mainly through the cAMP/PKA signal pathway in different breeds, demonstrating that protein phosphorylation may be an important mechanism underlying the sperm diversity. Protein–protein interaction analysis revealed that the 14 overlapped proteins between differential expression proteins and differential phosphorylation proteins potentially played a key role in sperm development and motility of the flagellum, including the proteins ODF1, SMCP, AKAP4, FSIP2, and SUN5. Taken together, these physiologically and functionally differentially expressed proteins (DEPs) and differentially expressed phosphorylated proteins (DPPs) may constitute the proteomic backgrounds between the two different boar breeds. The validation will be performed to delineate the roles of these PTM proteins as modulators of Yorkshire and Duroc boar spermatozoa.
A study was conducted to investigate the circulation of HRSV subgroup B (HRSVB) in China in recent years. HRSVB sequences from 365 samples collected in 1991, 2004 and 2008-2014 in China, together with 332 Chinese HRSVB sequences obtained from GenBank were analyzed to determine the geographic and yearly distribution of HRSVB. Phylogenetic analysis revealed these HRSVB sequences clustered into 4 genotypes with different frequencies: BA (83%), CB1 (11%), SAB (3.0%) and GB3 (0.7%). Between 2005 and 2013, there was a co-circulation of BA and non-BA genotypes in China. Genotypes BA9 and BA10 were two of the main BA genotypes detected in this study. Genotype BA9 was first detected in China in 2006 and became the predominant HRSVB genotype circulating in China from 2008 to 2014. Three different lineages were detected for both genotypes BA9 and BA10. Time to the most recent common ancestor for genotypes BA9 and BA10 was estimated for years 1997 and 1996, respectively. Results of this study not only contribute to the understanding of the circulation pattern, but also the phylogenetic pattern and evolution of HRSVB in China from 1991 to 2014.
Summary Overexpression of bacterial γ‐glutamylcysteine synthetase in the cytosol of P opulus tremula × P . alba produces higher glutathione ( GSH ) concentrations in leaves, thereby indicating the potential for cadmium ( C d) phytoremediation. However, the net C d 2+ influx in association with H + / C a 2+ , C d tolerance, and the underlying molecular and physiological mechanisms are uncharacterized in these poplars. We assessed net C d 2+ influx, C d tolerance and the transcriptional regulation of several genes involved in C d 2+ transport and detoxification in wild‐type and transgenic poplars. Poplars exhibited highest net C d 2+ influxes into roots at p H 5.5 and 0.1 mM C a 2+ . Transgenics had higher C d 2+ uptake rates and elevated transcript levels of several genes involved in C d 2+ transport and detoxification compared with wild‐type poplars. Transgenics exhibited greater C d accumulation in the aerial parts than wild‐type plants in response to C d 2+ exposure. Moreover, transgenic poplars had lower concentrations of O 2 ˙ − and H 2 O 2 ; higher concentrations of total thiols, GSH and oxidized GSH in roots and/or leaves; and stimulated foliar GSH reductase activity compared with wild‐type plants. These results indicate that transgenics are more tolerant of 100 μM C d 2+ than wild‐type plants, probably due to the GSH ‐mediated induction of the transcription of genes involved in C d 2+ transport and detoxification.
From April to November 2016, two outbreaks of epidemic keratoconjunctivitis (EKC) occurred successively at primary and middle schools in the Tibet Autonomous Region of China, and a total of 197 clinically diagnosed cases were reported. Real-time PCR analyses confirmed that human adenovirus (HAdV) infection was related to these outbreaks. Further studies involving sequence determination and phylogenetic analysis based on the penton base, hexon, and fiber genes indicated that human adenovirus type 8 (HAdV-8), belonging to species D, was responsible for the outbreaks. This is the first report of a HAdV-8 associated EKC outbreak in mainland of China, and the results of this study are expected to provide support for future research into HAdV-8 in China.
Objective
To understand the diversity and prevalence of bat hepatitis B virus in Yunnan province.
Methods
A total of 84 bat tissue samples were collected from Pu'er area. High-throughput sequencing, specific PCR and genome walking method were used to amplify bat hepatitis B virus nucleic acids. The sequences analysis and phylogentic analysis were performed.
Results
The analyses showed that 3.75% (3/84) of the bats carried hepatitis B virus and all positive sameples were from Rhinolophus sinicus. The virus strains were named as PuEr BHBV. Sequence analysis showed that PuEr BHBV and NeiXiang-Rp-89 had 87.1% nucleotide similarity and 90.5% amino acid similarity. Phylogenetic analysis indicated rich diversity of the bat hepatitis B virus and the strains were separated into two branches. The PuEr BHBV was clustered with bat hepatitis B virus discovered from Guizhou province, Neixiang of Henan province, but clustered in different branch from the stains isolated from Panama. Sequence analysis showed that PuEr BHBV present similar gene structure and conserved functional domain with other hepatitis B viruses.
Conclusions
PuEr BHBV should be considered as a new bat hepatitis B virus strain. Virus transmissions among different bat species and different geographic area may have driven the adaptive evolution of bat the virus, leading to the genetic diversity of the bat hepatitis B virus. This study extends our knowledge of the genetic diversity of hepatitis B virus.
Key words:
Bat; Hepatitis B virus; Pu'er area, Yunnan province; Genetic diversity
The gut microbial association with host co-existence is critical for body homeostasis and pathogenicity.Graves' disease (GD) is an autoimmune disease manifested with hyperthyroidism and ophthalmopathy.However, we hypothesized that gut bacteria could affect an important role in GD pathogenicity.The current study aim was to characterize and investigate the intestinal bacterial composition of GD qualitatively and quantitatively.27 GD and 11 healthy controls were enrolled for fecal sample collection.The PCR-DGGE of 16S rRNA gene by targeting V3 region and Real-time PCR for Lactobacillus, Bifidobacterium, Bacteroides vulgatus and Clostridium leptum, were performed.High-throughput sequencing of 16S rRNA gene with the V3+V4 site was perormed on Hiseq2500 platform on randomly 20 selected samples.The relative analysis of richness indices and diversity illustrated lesser diversification of intestinal bacteria in GD patients in contrast to controls.The data statistics shows the alteration in phyla of GD as compared to control.At the family taxonomic level, the relative abundance of Prevotellaceae and Pasteurellaceae were significantly higher in patients, while Enterobacteriaceae, Veillonellaceae, and Rikenellaceae were significantly lower in the diseased group as compared to control.At the genus level, a significant raised in genera count of the diseased group were Prevotella_9 and Haemophilus, while significantly decreased in the genera of the GD group were Alistipes and Faecalibacterium.The modulation in intestinal bacterial composition was checked at species level particularly H. parainfluenza abundance was raised in GD.The outcomes of the current study are aligned with the proposed hypothesis of gut microbial dysbiosis in GD.Statistically, alpha indices and differential abundance analyses of each intestinal bacterial community were significantly changed in GD.Therefore, the current study may provide a new insight into the GD pathogenesis and, in turn, explore its contribution in possible treatments.
Abstract Cultivated chrysanthemum (Chrysanthemum × morifolium Ramat.) is a beloved ornamental crop due to the diverse capitula types among varieties, but the molecular mechanism of capitulum development remains unclear. Here, we report a 2.60 Gb chromosome-scale reference genome of C. lavandulifolium, a wild Chrysanthemum species found in China, Korea and Japan. The evolutionary analysis of the genome revealed that only recent tandem duplications occurred in the C. lavandulifolium genome after the shared whole genome triplication (WGT) in Asteraceae. Based on the transcriptomic profiling of six important developmental stages of the radiate capitulum in C. lavandulifolium, we found genes in the MADS-box, TCP, NAC and LOB gene families that were involved in disc and ray floret primordia differentiation. Notably, NAM and LOB30 homologs were specifically expressed in the radiate capitulum, suggesting their pivotal roles in the genetic network of disc and ray floret primordia differentiation in chrysanthemum. The present study not only provides a high-quality reference genome of chrysanthemum but also provides insight into the molecular mechanism underlying the diverse capitulum types in chrysanthemum.
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