Abstract The ultrastructure of substance P (SP)‐ and enkephalin (ENK)‐immunoreactive elements in the nucleus of the dorsal lateral funiculus (NDLF) and in laminae I and II of the spinal cord was examined in the rat using the peroxidate‐antiperoxidase (PAP) technique. Electron‐microscopic observations were made of a large number of immunolabelled terminals (n = 428; many followed in serial sections), axons, and immunoreactive cell bodies and dendrites which were occasionally encountered. Morphometric analysis was used to describe and compare the fine structural features of immunolabelled elements. Both SP‐ and ENK‐immunoreactive terminals contained clear synaptic vesicles and dense‐cored vesicles of similar size but the ENK‐immunoreactive profiles contained significantly more dense‐cored vesicles than SP‐immunolabelled profiles. Both SP‐ and ENK‐immunoreactive profiles in the dorsal laminae of the dorsal horn contacted mainly smaller dendritic elements. Only rarely were axo‐axonic interactions noted. The NDLF contains widely scattered cell bodies dispersed within a neuropil which is rich in synaptic complexes and is interdigitated between fascicles of myelinated and unmyelinated axons. Numerous SP‐ and ENK‐immunoreactive profiles were observed in the NDLF, many of which made asymmetric synaptic contacts with NDLF neurons. Although both the dorsal gray and NDLF contain large numbers of SP‐ and ENK‐immunoreactive elements which are similar in morphology in both regions, the NDLF can be distinguished from laminae I and II by a number of criteria, including the nature of the neuropil, principle sources of SP innervation, and the termination patterns of ascending projections.
We propose, design and experimentally demonstrate a quantum random number generator (QRNG) that completely removes the calibration requ0irement for the measurement device. The QRNG features a simple implementation and readily implementable on integrated photonic platforms.
This thesis is a computational and experimental study of gaseous and solid emboli entering the body during heart surgery. By incorporating a multi-patient simulation, the research examines the emboli trajectories and found they have a predictive nature due to the surgical cannula's location and the amount of blood pump flow. A novel cannula was designed and demonstrated a lower embolic load than a standard cannula. This study presents a better understanding of emboli fate and the role of blood flow during cardiac surgery. The results offer an alternative cannula design and new clinical procedures to help minimise patient injury.
Retrograde transport studies revealed that the nuclei pallidus, obscurus, and magnus raphae as well as the adjacent reticular formation innervate the spinal cord in the opposum. HRP-lesion experiments showed that a relatively large number of neurons within the nucleus obscurus raphae and closely adjacent areas of the nucleus reticularis gigantocellularis project through the ventrolateral white matter and that many cells within the nucleus magnus raphae, the nucleus reticularis gigantocellularis pars ventralis, and the nucleus reticularis pontis pars ventralis contribute axons to the dorsal half of the lateral funiculi. Neurons within the rostral pole of the nucleus magnus raphae and the adjacent nucleus reticularis pontis pars ventralis may project exclusively through the latter route. Each of the above-mentioned raphe and reticular nuclei contain nonindolaminergic as well as indolaminergic neurons (Crutcher and Humbertson, '78). When True-Blue was injected into the spinal cord and the brain processed for monoamine histofluorescence evidence for True-Blue was found in neurons of both types. Injections of 3H-leucine centered within the nuclei pallidus and obscurus raphae and/or the closely adjacent nucleus reticularis gigantocellularis labeled axons within autonomic nuclei and laminae IV-X. Labeled axons were particularly numerous within the intermediolateral cell column and within laminae IX and X. Injections of the caudoventral part of the nucleus magnus raphae or the adjacent nucleus reticularis gigantocellularis pars ventrialis labeled axons in the same areas as well as within laminae I-III. When the injection was placed within the rostral part of the nucleus magnus raphae or the adjacent nucleus reticularis pontis pars ventralis axons were labeled within laminae I-III and external zones of laminae IV-VII, but not within lamina IX. The immunohistofluorescence method revealed evidence for indolaminergic axons in each of the spinal areas labeled by injections of 3H-leucine into the raphe and adjacent reticular formation. They were particularly abundant within the intermediolateral cell column and within laminae IX and X. These data indicate that raphe spinal systems are chemically and connectionally heterogeneous.
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