Pedro Corredera

Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas

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Miguel González‐Herráez

Universidad de Alcalá

Sonia Martín‐López

Universidad de Alcalá

María Luisa Hernanz

Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas

Juan Diego Ania‐Castañón

Instituto de Óptica "Daza de Valdés"

Ana Carrasco-Sanz

Universidad de Granada

Joaquín Campos Acosta

Industrial University of Santander

Alicia Pons Aglio

Universidad Politécnica de Cartagena

Francesca Gallazzi

Tampere University

Massimo L. Filograno

National Hellenic Research Foundation

Antonio Corróns

Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas

Cooperative Institutions

Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas

Instituto de Óptica "Daza de Valdés"

Universidad de Alcalá

Unidades Centrales Científico-Técnicas

Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique

Universidad Politécnica de Madrid

Commissariat à l'Énergie Atomique et aux Énergies Alternatives

Instituto de Física Fundamental

Universidad Complutense de Madrid

European Telecommunications Standards Institute

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The role of distributed Raman amplification in the times of the “capacity crunch”

Juan Diego Ania‐Castañón Paweł Rosa Giuseppe Rizzelli Francesca Gallazzi Javier Nuño

Distributed Raman amplification has different roles to play in combination with of a range of potential solutions to deal with the nonlinear Shannon limit. Here, we will cover issues such as asymmetry optimisation for optical-phase conjugation nonlinear compensation, the combination of optimised distributed amplification with digital nonlinear compensation techniques and the challenges of adopting high-spectral density formats while still making use of all the possible available bandwidth. Some examples are drawn from recent results from the past few years.

Raman amplification

Crunch

10.1109/icton.2016.7550314

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Extending the Real Remoteness of Long-Range Brillouin Optical Time-Domain Fiber Analyzers

Journal of Lightwave Technology (2013)

Marcelo A. Soto Xabier Angulo-Vinuesa Sonia Martín‐López Sanghoon Chin Juan Diego Ania‐Castañón

The real remoteness of a distributed optical fiber sensor based on Brillouin optical time-domain analysis is considerably extended in this paper using seeded second-order Raman amplification and optical pulse coding. The presented analysis and the experimental results demonstrate that a proper optimization of both methods combined with a well-equalized two-sideband probe wave provide a suitable solution to enhance the signal-to-noise ratio of the measurements when an ultra-long sensing fiber is used. In particular, the implemented system is based on an extended optical fiber length, in which half of the fiber is used for sensing purposes, and the other half is used to carry the optical signals to the most distant sensing point, providing also a long fiber for distributed Raman amplification. Power levels of all signals launched into the fiber are properly optimized in order to avoid nonlinear effects, pump depletion, and especially any power imbalance between the two sidebands of the probe wave. This last issue turns out to be extremely important in ultra-long Brillouin sensing to provide strong robustness of the system against pump depletion. This way, by employing a 240 km-long optical fiber-loop, sensing from the interrogation unit up to a 120 km remote position (i.e., corresponding to the real sensing distance away from the sensor unit) is experimentally demonstrated with a spatial resolution of 5 m. Furthermore, this implementation requires no powered element in the whole 240 km fiber loop, providing considerable advantages in situations where the sensing cable crosses large unmanned areas.

Distributed Acoustic Sensing

Raman amplification

Brillouin zone

Optical time-domain reflectometer

10.1109/jlt.2013.2292329

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Citations (108)

Non-intrusive measurement of internal pressure and flow in pipelines using fiber Bragg grating

Proceedings of SPIE, the International Society for Optical Engineering/Proceedings of SPIE (2013)

Pedro Salgado Massimo L. Filograno F. Senent Pedro Corredera

In this paper we propose and demonstrate a non-intrusive measurement method for internal pressure and water flow in hydraulic pipeline systems. Fiber Bragg Gratings are used to measure deformations in the external side of pipes under different working conditions for two different experiments. In the first experiment a PVC sewerage pipeline with a diameter of 90 mm was subjected to a variable air pressures up to 4 bars; in the second a PVC sewerage pipeline with a diameter of 32 mm was subjected to a water flow between 10 and 35 liters per minute.

Fiber Bragg Grating

Sewerage

Internal pressure

Pressure measurement

10.1117/12.2037401

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Citations (3)

Sub-250 fs, 650 kW Peak Power Harmonic Mode-Locked Fiber Laser with InN-based SESAM

Francesca Gallazzi M. Jiménez-Rodríguez E. Monroy Pedro Corredera Miguel González‐Herráez

We demonstrate ultrafast harmonically mode-locked fiber lasing in up to 6-km-long rings at 1.56μm with InN SESAM. Fundamental mode-locking with pulse width of 239fs, pulse energy of 155nJ and peak power of 650kW is achieved with a 1-km-long cavity.

Mode-Locking

Mode (computer interface)

Harmonic

10.1109/ecoc.2017.8345895

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Citations (1)

High visibility phase-sensitive optical time domain reflectometer for distributed sensing of ultrasonic waves

Proceedings of SPIE, the International Society for Optical Engineering/Proceedings of SPIE (2013)

Hugo F. Martins Sonia Martín‐López Pedro Corredera Massimo L. Filograno Orlando Frazão

In structural health monitoring, the propagation of ultrasonic waves along a structure can reveal interesting data relevant to the integrity of the whole structure. The availability of a system for distributed sensing of ultrasonic waves could, in some cases (e.g. pipelines) provide extremely valuable information to civil engineers. Phase-sensitive optical time domain reflectometry (ΦOTDR) is a simple and effective tool allowing the distributed monitoring of vibrations along single-mode fibers. Up to now, ΦOTDRs have been used mostly for the measurement of sub-kHz vibrations. In this work, the authors present an experimental characterization of a high-visibility ΦOTDR and its performance when used for ultrasonic vibration measurements. The sensor was able to measure vibrations of up to 39.5 kHz with a resolution of 5 m over a range which could go up to 1.25 km. This is the first time to our knowledge that a ΦOTDR is demonstrated for distributed measurement of ultrasonic waves.

Optical time-domain reflectometer

Reflectometry

Visibility

Distributed Acoustic Sensing

Structural Health Monitoring

10.1117/12.2026081

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Citations (9)

Conversor y multiplexor de modos integrado

D. González-Andrade Aitor V. Velasco Pedro Corredera J. G. Wangüemert-Pérez Alejandro Ortega‐Moñux

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Distributed Brillouin Fiber Sensor Featuring 2 Meter Resolution and 75 Km Dynamic Range

Félix Rodríguez-Barrios Sonia Martín‐López Ana Carrasco-Sanz Pedro Corredera Juan Diego Ania‐Castañón

We have used distributed Raman amplification to extend the measurement distance of a Brillouin Optical Time-Domain Analysis (BOTDA) sensor. We successfully demonstrate a dynamic range of 75 km with 2 meter spatial resolution.

Brillouin zone

Optical time-domain reflectometer

Distributed Acoustic Sensing

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Tunable optical filters using compound ring resonators for DWDM

IEEE Photonics Technology Letters (2003)

Carmen Vázquez Salvador Vargas José Manuel Sánchez‐Pena Pedro Corredera

The device is based on a loop mirror in a ring resonator.The loop mirror allows tuning by changing the coupling coefficient of a directional coupler.The loop mirror is implemented using a Sagnac configuration to have the same optical path between the signals to be interfered (copropagating and counterpropagating ones).The filter structure allows optical integration for having higher free-spectral ranges.Simple design equations for the filter parameters and the tuning are reported.Measurements on a passive optical fiber tunable filter are presented.There is a good agreement between measurements and theory.

Optical ring resonators

Free spectral range

Optical path

Comb filter

Sagnac effect

10.1109/lpt.2003.815328

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Citations (25)

Brillouin optical time-domain analysis over a 240 km-long fiber loop with no repeater

Proceedings of SPIE, the International Society for Optical Engineering/Proceedings of SPIE (2012)

Xabier Angulo-Vinuesa Marcelo A. Soto Sonia Martín‐López Sanghoon Chin Juan Diego Ania‐Castañón

In this paper we combine the use of optical pulse coding and seeded second-order Raman amplification to extend the sensing distance of Brillouin optical time-domain analysis (BOTDA) sensors.Using 255-bit Simplex coding, the power levels of the Raman pumps and the Brillouin pump and probe signals were adjusted in order to extend the real physical sensing distance of a BOTDA sensor up to 120 km away from the sensor interrogation unit, employing a 240-km long loop of standard single-mode fiber (SSMF) with no repeater.To the best of our knowledge, this is the first time that distributed measurements are carried out over such a long distance with no active device inserted into the entire sensing loop, constituting a considerable breakthrough in the field.

Brillouin zone

Raman amplification

Repeater (horology)

Optical time-domain reflectometer

Optical power

Domain analysis

10.1117/12.2013201

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Citations (13)

Experimental Demonstration of Low-Uncertainty Calibration Methods for Bragg Grating Interrogators

Sensors (2018)

J. L. de Miguel Juan Galindo-Santos C. Pulido de Torres Pedro Salgado Aitor V. Velasco

In this paper we propose and demonstrate two alternative methods for the high-precision calibration of fiber Bragg grating (FBG) interrogators. The first method is based on the direct comparison between the wavelength measurements of the interrogator under test and a calibrated wavemeter, while analyzing a simulated symmetric Bragg grating constructed by a tunable filter and a fiber mirror. This first method is applicable to most commercial systems but presents an uncertainty limited by the spectral width and the wavelength stability of the tunable filter. The second method consists in measuring multiple reference absorption lines of calibrated absorption gas cells. This second method presents lower uncertainties, limited only by the optical resolution of the interrogator and the wavelength uncertainty of the reference cell absorption lines. However, it imposes more restrictive requirements on the interrogator software. Both methods were experimentally demonstrated by calibrating multiple commercial systems, reaching uncertainties down to 0.63 pm at a central wavelength of 1550 nm.

Fiber Bragg Grating

Spectral resolution

10.3390/s18061895

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Citations (3)