Carlos García‐Latorre

Universidad de Extremadura

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Sara Rodrigo

Instituto Nacional de Investigação Agrária e Veterinária

O. Santamaría

Universidad de Valladolid

M. J. Poblaciones

Universidad de Extremadura

Rocío Velázquez

Universidad de Extremadura

Carlos Sánchez

Instituto de Tecnologías Físicas y de la Información “Leonardo Torres Quevedo”

M. Inmaculada Talaverano

Government of Extremadura

Jesús Lozano

Universidad de Extremadura

Alejandro Hernández

Colegio de Postgraduados

Sandra Gerhards

Trier University of Applied Sciences

Alicia Rodríguez

Universidad de Extremadura

Cooperative Institutions

Universidad de Extremadura

Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas

Government of Extremadura

Centro de Implantología Cirugía Oral y Maxilofacial

Rothamsted Research

University of Nottingham

Universidad de Valladolid

Technische Universität Braunschweig

Helmholtz Centre for Infection Research

Mae Fah Luang University

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Effect of Fungal Endophytes on Plant Growth and Nutrient Uptake in Trifolium Subterraneum and Poa Pratensis as Affected by Plant Host Specificity

Research Square (Research Square) (2021)

Carlos García‐Latorre Sara Rodrigo O. Santamaría

Abstract The introduction of well-adapted species, such as Trifolium subterraneum and Poa pratensis , might enhance the forage yield and quality of dehesas pastures for feeding livestock. However, the climatic hardness and poor soils in these agrosystems may limit plant establishment and development. Since fungal endophytes have been found to alleviate the environmental stresses of their host, the aim of this study was to assess the effect of five isolates on forage yield, nutritive value and plant mineral uptake after their inoculation in the two above-mentioned plant species. Two experiments were established (under greenhouse and field conditions) using plants inoculated with two isolates in 2012/2013 ( Epicoccum nigrum , Sporormiella intermedia ) and three isolates in 2013/2014 ( Mucor hiemalis , Fusarium equiseti , Byssochlamys spectabilis ). Thus, F. equiseti (E346) increased the herbage yield of T. subterraneum under greenhouse conditions, B. spectabilis was found to improve the forage quality of T. subterraneum by reducing fibre content and of P. pratensis by increasing crude protein. Also, S. intermedia increased the mineral uptake of Ca, Cu, Mn, Pb, Tl and Zn in subclover and M. hiemalis , the uptake of K and Sr in Kentucky bluegrass. These results evidenced the potential of the studied fungal endophytes to enhance herbage yield and the forage nutritional value, although further studies should include all of the intended forage species as certain host specificity in the effect was observed.

Trifolium subterraneum

Poa pratensis

Festuca pratensis

Fodder

10.21203/rs.3.rs-432832/v1

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Citations (0)

Potential of Fungal Endophytes Isolated from Pasture Species in Spanish Dehesas to Produce Enzymes under Salt Conditions

Microorganisms (2023)

Carlos García‐Latorre Sara Rodrigo O. Santamaría

Endophytic fungi have been found to produce a wide range of extracellular enzymes, which are increasingly in demand for their industrial applications. Different by-products from the agrifood industry could be used as fungal growth substrates for the massive production of these enzymes, specifically as a way to revalorize them. However, such by-products often present unfavorable conditions for the microorganism's growth, such as high salt concentrations. Therefore, the objective of the present study was to evaluate the potential of eleven endophytic fungi-which were isolated from plants growing in a harsh environment, specifically, from the Spanish dehesas-for the purposes of the in vitro production of six enzymes (i.e., amylase, lipase, protease, cellulase, pectinase and laccase) under both standard and salt-amended conditions. Under standard conditions, the studied endophytes produced between two and four of the six enzymes evaluated. In most of the producer fungal species, this enzymatic activity was relatively maintained when NaCl was added to the medium. Among the isolates evaluated, Sarocladium terricola (E025), Acremonium implicatum (E178), Microdiplodia hawaiiensis (E198), and an unidentified species (E586) were the most suitable candidates for the massive production of enzymes by using growth substrates with saline properties (such as those found in the many by-products from the agrifood industry). This study should be considered an initial approach by which to further study the identification of these compounds as well as to develop the optimization of their production by directly using those residues.

Bioproducts

10.3390/microorganisms11040908

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Citations (7)

Metabolites Produced by Fungi against Fungal Phytopathogens: Review, Implementation and Perspectives

Plants (2021)

Sara Rodrigo Carlos García‐Latorre O. Santamaría

Many fungi, especially endophytes, have been found to produce multiple benefits in their plant hosts, with many of these benefits associated with the protection of plants against fungal diseases. This fact could be used in the development of new bio-products that could gradually reduce the need for chemical fungicides, which have been associated with multiple health and environmental problems. However, the utilization of the living organism may present several issues, such as an inconsistency in the results obtained and more complicated management and application, as fungal species are highly influenced by environmental conditions, the type of relationship with the plant host and interaction with other microorganisms. These issues could be addressed by using the bioactive compounds produced by the fungus, in cases where they were responsible for positive effects, instead of the living organism. Multiple bioactive compounds produced by fungal species, especially endophytes, with antifungal properties have been previously reported in the literature. However, despite the large amount of these metabolites and their potential, extensive in-field application on a large scale has not yet been implemented. In the present review, the main aspects explaining this limited implementation are analyzed, and the present and future perspectives for its development are discussed.

Fungal growth

10.3390/plants11010081

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Citations (35)

Effect of fungal endophytes on plant growth and nutrient uptake in Trifolium subterraneum and Poa pratensis as affected by plant host specificity

Mycological Progress (2021)

Carlos García‐Latorre Sara Rodrigo O. Santamaría

Abstract The introduction of well-adapted species, such as Trifolium subterraneum (subclover) and Poa pratensis (Kentucky bluegrass), might enhance the forage yield and quality of dehesa pastures for feeding livestock. However, the climatic hardness and poor soils in these agrosystems may limit plant establishment and development. Since fungal endophytes have been found to alleviate the environmental stresses of their host, the aim of this study was to assess the effect of five isolates on forage yield, nutritive value, and plant mineral uptake after their inoculation in the two abovementioned plant species. Two experiments were established (under greenhouse and field conditions) using plants inoculated with two isolates in 2012/2013 ( Epicoccum nigrum , Sporormiella intermedia ) and three isolates in 2013/2014 ( Mucor hiemalis , Fusarium equiseti , Byssochlamys spectabilis ). Fusarium equiseti (E346) increased the herbage yield of T. subterraneum under greenhouse conditions, and B. spectabilis improved the forage quality of T. subterraneum by reducing fiber content and of P. pratensis by increasing crude protein. S. intermedia increased the mineral uptake of Ca, Cu, Mn, Pb, Tl, and Zn in subclover, and M. hiemalis increased the uptake of K and Sr in Kentucky bluegrass. These results evidence the potential of the studied fungal endophytes to enhance herbage yield and nutritional value of forage, although further studies should include all of the target forage species as certain host specificity in the effect was observed.

Trifolium subterraneum

Poa pratensis

Festuca pratensis

Fodder

10.1007/s11557-021-01732-6

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Citations (30)

Endophytes as Plant Nutrient Uptake-Promoter in Plants

Sustainable development and biodiversity (2021)

Carlos García‐Latorre Sara Rodrigo O. Santamaría

Interception

10.1007/978-3-030-65447-4_11

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Citations (21)

From Field to Fork: the benefits of Trichoderma spp. in food quality and safety

Current Opinion in Food Science (2025)

Carlos García‐Latorre Santiago Ruiz‐Moyano Alicia Rodríguez Rocío Velázquez M. J. Poblaciones

Fork (system call)

10.1016/j.cofs.2025.101286

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Isolation, Identification, and Application of Endophytic Fungi from Lavandula stoechas L.: Mitigating Salinity Stress in Hydroponic Winter Cereal Fodder

Agronomy (2024)

Carlos García‐Latorre M. J. Poblaciones

Soil and irrigation water salinity is a growing global problem affecting farmland, due to poor agricultural practices and climate change, leading to reduced crop yields. Given the limited amount of arable land and the need to boost production, hydroponic systems offer a viable solution. Additionally, endophytic fungi have been shown to mitigate salinity effects through symbiosis with plants. This study evaluated three endophytic fungi isolated from Lavandula stoechas L. in the grasslands of Extremadura (i.e., Diplodia corticola L11, Leptobacillium leptobactrum L15, and Cladosporium cladosporioides L16) for their ability to improve hydroponic forage production under saline conditions. In vitro experiments were conducted assessing plant growth promotion and fungal growth under salinity, followed by research evaluating the impact of fungal inoculation on hydroponic wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) and barley (Hordeum vulgare L.) forages irrigated with NaCl solutions (0, 100, and 200 mM). The results showed improved fungal growth and production of plant growth-promoting substances, which could explain the improved plant germination, shoot and root length, fresh and dry weight, and yield of inoculated plants growing under salinity. Plants inoculated with L15 or L16 showed the best performance overall. L15 demonstrated broader bioactivity in vitro, potentially explaining its superior performance in both wheat and barley growth. Conversely, L16 was more effective in barley, while L11 was beneficial in wheat but detrimental in barley. This study provides a preliminary exploration of the capabilities of these fungi and their optimization for hydroponic forage production.

Fodder

Isolation

Identification

10.3390/agronomy14112501

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Citations (1)

Evaluation of the Extract of Pseudopithomyces chartarum to be used as Biocontrol Agent Against Phytophthora cinnamomi in Lupinus luteus

Journal of soil science and plant nutrition (2024)

Carlos García‐Latorre Sara Rodrigo O. Santamaría

Abstract Endophytic fungi offer promising opportunities for a sustainable disease management in agricultural systems, often related to their secondary metabolites. In this study, the potential of the metabolites produced in vitro by Pseudopithomyces chartarum to protect the forage crop Lupinus luteus against the soil-borne pathogen Phytophthora cinnamomi was evaluated in different in vitro and in planta tests. The fungal extracts containing the metabolites were applied by two different procedures: to seeds by immersion (mycopriming) and to seedlings by spraying (post-emergence). The antagonism between the endophyte fitrates/extracts and the pathogen was studied by dual culture assays and the minimal inhibitory concentration. Other filtrate/extract traits, such as its phytohormones production and nutrient mobilization, were also analyzed. The metabolites contained in the extract were tentatively identified by mass spectrometry. The endophyte’s filtrates and extracts exhibited significant inhibition on the P. cinnamomi growth in vitro. Additionally, seed mycopriming and post-emergence extract application positively influenced seed germination, reduced disease severity, and enhanced several growth parameters in treated seedlings. Auxins and gibberellins production, and phosphate solubilization activity were observed in the endophyte, traits potentially contributing to its biocontrol efficacy. The bioactive compounds ciclo(L-Phe-L-Pro), dihydroabikoviromycin, medelamine A, herniarin, and Piptamine, all with antimicrobial properties, were tentatively identified in the extracts, but further research is needed to confirm this identity and to evaluate the extract efficacy under field conditions. This study highlights the potential of certain endophytic fungi as sustainable and environmentally friendly alternatives for a disease management in agriculture.

Phytophthora cinnamomi

10.1007/s42729-024-01969-6

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Combining Zinc Biofortification and Native Trichoderma Inoculation Strategies for Subterranean Clover

Sustainability (2024)

Carlos García‐Latorre Rocío Velázquez Alejandro Hernández Paula Tejero M. J. Poblaciones

Using beneficial microorganisms along with sustainable strategies such as agronomic biofortification offers eco-friendly alternatives to combat climate change in ecosystems like dehesas. This study analyzes the combined effects of four wild Trichoderma spp. isolated from Extremadura, Spain (T. koningiopsis, two T. gamsii, and T. koningii, with negative and positive controls) and four Zn biofortification treatments (no Zn application; soil application of 5 mg of ZnSO4·7H2O per kg of soil, labeled soil Zn; two foliar applications of 5 mL 0.5% ZnSO4·7H2O, labeled foliar Zn; and soil + foliar combination, labeled SF) on Trifolium subterraneum performance. The combination of T. koningiopsis and T. gamsii with foliar Zn improved plant growth by up to 34.4%. Zinc accumulation was about 30% higher when T. gamsii and T. koningii were applied with SF, and their inoculation resulted in a 2.5-fold increase in ash. Trichoderma spp. affected nodulation differently; both T. gamsii inhibited nodulation by 24%, whereas neither T. koningiopsis nor T. koningii showed differences from the controls. These results highlight the potential of combining beneficial microorganisms with biofortification strategies to address nutrient deficiencies and improve agricultural sustainability. However, the complex interactions between both factors underscore the importance of strain selection and call for further research to optimize application strategies and elucidate underlying mechanisms.

Biofortification

Trichoderma

Beneficial organism

10.3390/su16093730

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Citations (1)

Craft beer vs industrial beer: chemical and sensory differences

British Food Journal (2021)

Alicia Rosales M. Inmaculada Talaverano Jesús Lozano Carlos Sánchez O. Santamaría

Purpose The aim of this paper is to determine chemical and sensory differences of between craft and industrial/or commercial beers. Beer market is nowadays booming and consumers are in the search of new and healthier products. Design/smethodology/approach Here, commercial and craft beers were chemically analyzed and sensory evaluated. Chemical analysis included pH, bitterness, color, total polyphenol content and antioxidant activity. Likewise, 40 sensory descriptors were evaluated by trained panelists, including visual, olfactory and gustatory attributes. In addition, an electronic nose (e-nose) was tested to determine its suitability to discriminate beer type and/or style according to their volatiles profile. Findings Craft beers presented higher values of color, bitterness and antioxidant activity when compared to commercial beers. Sensory descriptors showed craft beers to be associated with the highest scores in visual, olfactory and gustatory descriptors. Data from e-nose explained 97% of the total variability of the volatile compounds in the analyzed beers, indicating the suitability of this device to discriminate beer types. Originality/value Results are of interest for design of marketing and selling techniques for craft brewery managers. In addition, cheap and easy-managing device as e-nose resulted in a valuable tool to monitoring beer quality.

Craft

Electronic Nose

Mouthfeel

Sensory Analysis

10.1108/bfj-01-2021-0074

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Citations (14)