Resorbable polylactic acid (PLA) ultrathin fibers have been applied as scaffolds for tissue engineering applications due to their micro- and nanoporous structure that favor cell adhesion, besides inducing cell proliferation and upregulating gene expression related to tissue regeneration. Incorporation of multiwalled carbon nanotubes into PLA fibers has been reported to increase the mechanical properties of the scaffold, making them even more suitable for tissue engineering applications. Ideally, scaffolds should be degraded simultaneously with tissue growth. Hydration and swelling are factors related to scaffold degradation. Hydration would negatively impact the mechanical properties since PLA shows hydrolytic degradation. Water absorption critically affects the catalysis and allowance of the hydrolysis reactions. Moreover, either mass transport and chemical reactions are influenced by confined water, which is an unexplored subject for PLA micro- and nanoporous fibers. Here, we probe and investigate confined water onto highly porous PLA microfibers containing few amounts of incorporated carbon nanotubes by Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy. A hydrostatic pressure was applied to the fibers to enhance the intermolecular interactions between water molecules and C═O groups from polyester bonds, which were evaluated over the wavenumber between 1600 and 2000 cm–1. The analysis of temperature dependence of FTIR spectra indicated the presence of confined water which is characterized by a non-Arrhenius to Arrhenius crossover at T0 = 190 K for 1716 and 1817 cm–1 carbonyl bands of PLA. These bands are sensitive to a hydrogen bond network of confined water. The relevance of our finding relies on the challenge detecting confined water in hydrophobic cavities as in the PLA one. To the best of our knowledge, we present the first report referring the presence of confined water in a hydrophobic scaffold as PLA for tissue engineering. Our findings can provide new opportunities to understand the role of confined water in tissue engineering applications. For instance, we argue that PLA degradation may be affected the most by confined water. PLA degradation involves hydrolytic and enzymatic degradation reactions, which can both be sensitive to changes in water properties.
In this work, Coca-Cola® bottles were reused as a PET polymer (rPET) source to produce electrospun polymeric nanofibers. The nanofibers were electrospun from polymer solutions with different concentrations of reduced graphene oxide (rGO) incorporated for applications in somatosensory electrical stimulation. The rPET/rGO nanofiber mats were characterized by SEM, TEM, Raman, DSC, TGA, and DMA and the results showed that the incorporation of rGO in electrospun rPET fibers produced rPET/rGO composites. The rPET/rGO composites were then evaluated for possible application as dry electrodes. Moreover, with a preliminary test of numerous volunteers, the rPET/rGO dry electrode showed promising results. The rPET/rGO electrodes showed good performance and applicability to make dry electrodes, and these have applications as dry or wearable electrodes to produce electrochemical sensors.
In this study, we developed formulations of a ceramic coating from clay, kaolin, quartz, talc and feldspar as a standard formulation with the addition of eggshell residue to improve the mechanical characteristics of the product. The addition of eggshell residue is justified as it will contribute to filling the formulation’s interstices. It would also help decrease the sintering temperature due to the high presence of calcium oxide in its composition. Samples with the ceramic coating (45% by weight of feldspar; 30% by weight of clay; 15% by weight of kaolin; 7% by weight of quartz; 3% by weight of talc; and additions of 5%, 10% and 20% by weight of eggshell residue) were pressed uniaxially at 70 MPa for 30 s; dried at 110 °C for 24 h; and sintered at 1000 °C, 1100 °C and 1200 °C. The main mineralogical phases (microcline, mullite, quartz and anorthite) of the sintered samples were identified by X-ray diffraction (XRD). After evaluating the physical-mechanical properties (water absorption, linear shrinkage, apparent porosity and resistance to flexion), it was observed that the incorporation of eggshell residue (5%, 10% and 20%) resulted in a significant loss of the desired physical and mechanical properties. A loss of over 50% of mechanical strength was obtained.
AbstractThe interspecific thermotolerance of several species of entomopathogenic fungi was evaluated based on the conidial water affinity. The species were divided between hydrophilic and hydrophobic conidia. The species with hydrophobic conidia were Beauveria bassiana (ARSEF 252), Metarhizium brunneum (ARSEF 1187), Metarhizium robertsii (ARSEF 2575), Isaria fumosorosea (ARSEF 3889) and Metarhizium anisopliae s.l. (ARSEF 5749). The species with hydrophilic conidia were Tolypocladium cylindrosporum (ARSEF 3392), Tolypocladium inflatum (ARSEF 4877), Simplicillium lanosoniveum (ARSEF 6430), Lecanicillium aphanocladii (ARSEF 6433), S. lanosoniveum (ARSEF 6651), Aschersonia placenta (ARSEF 7637) and Aschersonia aleyrodis (ARSEF 10276). The conidial surface tension of each isolate was also studied. Conidial suspensions were exposed to 38, 41 or 45 °C. After exposure, the suspensions were inoculated on media and conidial germination was evaluated. Considerable differences in thermotolerance were found among the 12 entomopathogenic fungal species. Species with hydrophobic conidia were generally more thermotolerant than species with hydrophilic conidia. All isolates with hydrophobic conidia showed higher conidial surface tension than the isolates with hydrophilic conidia.Keywords: entomopathogenic fungiconidial thermotolerancehydrophobicityconidial surface tension AcknowledgementsWe are thankful to Dr Donald W. Roberts for the valuable donation of equipment and supplies, to Dr Richard A. Humber (USDA-ARS Collection of Entomopathogenic Fungal Cultures, R.W. Holley Center for Agriculture & Health, Ithaca, NY) for sending the fungal isolates. We are thankful to Alene Alder-Rangel (UNIVAP, Brazil) for her valuable review of the manuscript. We would like to thank Dr Mark Goettel (editor of Biocontrol Science and Technology) and the two reviewers for the valuable comments and suggestions. We sincerely thank Coordination for the Improvement of Higher Level Personnel (CAPES) of Brazil for a master fellowship for R.F.F.A.FundingThis research was supported by grants from the National Council for Scientific and Technological Development (CNPq) of Brazil [# 473104/ 2008-3, # 478899/2010-6 and# 302312/2011-0] and the State of São Paulo Research Foundation (FAPESP) [#2010/06374-1 and # 2012/14702-4] for D.E.N.R. and [# 2011/17877-7] for A.O.L.Additional informationFundingFunding: This research was supported by grants from the National Council for Scientific and Technological Development (CNPq) of Brazil [# 473104/ 2008-3, # 478899/2010-6 and# 302312/2011-0] and the State of São Paulo Research Foundation (FAPESP) [#2010/06374-1 and # 2012/14702-4] for D.E.N.R. and [# 2011/17877-7] for A.O.L.
Abstract Electrospinning is a simple and low-cost way to fabricate fibers. Among the various polymers used in electrospinning, polycaprolactone (PCL) stands out due to its excellent biodegradability and biocompatibility. However, PCL has some limitations such as low bioactivity, hydrophobic surface, and long in vivo degradation. Calcium phosphate ceramics have been recognized as an attractive biomaterial. They are bioactive and osteoinductive, and some are even quite biodegradable. Different contents of particles of beta-tricalcium phosphate (β-TCP) were incorporated in polymer matrix to form fibers of PCL/β-TCP composites by electrospinning for possible application in tissue regeneration. The presence of β-TCP particles promoted some changes in the thermal properties of the fibers. The immersion of PCL/β-TCP 8 wt-% fibers in simulated body fluid (SBF) caused the formation of a denser and homogeneous apatite layer on its surface.