<p>We used the Hurst Space Analysis (HSA), a technique that we recently developed to cluster or differentiate records from an arbitrary complex system based on the presence and influence of cycles in their statistical functions, to classify climatic data from climatically homogeneous regions according to their long-term persistent (LTP) character. For our analysis we selected four types of HadCRUT4 cells of temperature records over regions homogeneous in both climate and topography, which are sufficiently populated with ground observational stations. These cells bound: Pannonian and West Siberian plains, Rocky Mountains and Himalayas mountainous regions, Arctic and sub-Arctic climates of Island and Alaska, and Gobi and Sahara deserts.</p><p>It was shown for LTP records across different complex systems that their statistical functions are rarely, as in theory, and due to their power-law dynamics, ideal linear functions on log-log graphs of time scale dependence. Instead, they frequently exhibit existence of transient crossovers in behavior, signs of trends that arise as effects of periodic or aperiodic cycles. HSA was developed so to use methods of scaling analysis &#8211; the time dependent Detrended Moving Average (tdDMA) algorithm and Wavelet Transform spectral analysis (WTS) &#8211; to analyse these cycles in data. In HSA we defined a space of <em>p</em>-vectors <em>h<sup>ts</sup></em> (that we dubbed the Hurst space) that represent record <em>ts</em> in any dataset, which are populated by tdDMA scaling exponents &#945; calculated on subsets of time scale windows of time series <em>ts</em> that bound cyclic peaks in their WTS. In order to be able to quantify any such time series <em>ts</em> with a single number, we projected their relative unit vectors <em>s<sup>ts</sup> = (h<sup>ts</sup> &#8211; m) / (&#8721;<sub>i=1</sub><sup>n</sup> (h<sub>i</sub><sup>ts</sup> - m<sub>i</sub>)<sup>2</sup>)<sup>1/2</sup></em> &#160;(with <em>m<sub>i</sub> = 1/n &#8721;<sub>ts=1</sub><sup>n</sup> h<sub>i</sub><sup>ts</sup></em>) onto a unit vector <em>e</em> of an assigned preferred direction in the Hurst space. The definition of the &#8217;preferred&#8217; direction depends on the characteristic behavior one wants to investigate with HSA - projection of unit vectors <em>s<sup>ts</sup></em> of any record &#160;with a &#8217;preferred&#8217; behavior onto the unit vector <em>e</em> is then always positive.</p><p>By using HSA we were able to cluster records from our selected climatically homogeneous regions according to the 'preferred' characteristic that those do not 'belong to the ocean'. We further extended HSA constructed from our dataset to group teleconnection indices that may influence their climate dynamics. In this way our results suggested that there probably exists a necessity to examine cycles in climate records as important elements of natural variability.</p>
Abstract Transient overshoot (TO), which is assessed as the distance between the movement amplitude and the final position, was measured in a series of rapid, discrete elbow flexion movements performed under different distance and loading conditions by 7 participants. A positive relationship was found between kinematic variables (peak velocity, peak acceleration and deceleration, and the symmetry ratio) and the magnitude of TO, particularly in short movements performed against a light load. The relationships between TO and electromyographic (EMG) variables were low and mainly insignificant. Thus, TO contributes to the variability of rapid, discrete movements and therefore should be taken into account as an additional parameter in studies of the scaling of movement variables with movement mechanical conditions. TO could also represent a consequence of mechanical properties of the single-joint system rather than an independently programmed primary submovement.
Earth and Space Science Open Archive This preprint has been submitted to and is under consideration at Earth's Future. ESSOAr is a venue for early communication or feedback before peer review. Data may be preliminary.Learn more about preprints preprintOpen AccessYou are viewing the latest version by default [v1]Bottom-up identification of key elements of compound eventsAuthorsEmanueleBevacquaCarloDe MicheleiDColinManningAnaısCouasnoniDAndreia F SRibeiroiDAlexandre MRamosiDEdoardoVignottoAnaBastosiDSuzanaBlesiciDFabrizioDuranteiDJohnHillierSérgio COliveiraJoaquim GPintoElisaRagnoPaulineRivoireiDKateSaundersiDKarinVan Der WielWenyanWuiDTianyiZhangJakobZscheischleriDSee all authors Emanuele BevacquaCorresponding Author• Submitting AuthorHelmholtz Centre for Environmental Research - UFZview email addressThe email was not providedcopy email addressCarlo De MicheleiDPolitecnico di MilanoiDhttps://orcid.org/0000-0002-7098-4725view email addressThe email was not providedcopy email addressColin ManningNewcastle Universityview email addressThe email was not providedcopy email addressAnaıs CouasnoniDVrije Universiteit AmsterdamiDhttps://orcid.org/0000-0001-9372-841Xview email addressThe email was not providedcopy email addressAndreia F S RibeiroiDETH ZurichInstituto Dom Luiz (IDL)iDhttps://orcid.org/0000-0003-0481-0337view email addressThe email was not providedcopy email addressAlexandre M RamosiDInstituto Dom Luiz (IDL)iDhttps://orcid.org/0000-0003-3129-7233view email addressThe email was not providedcopy email addressEdoardo VignottoUniversity of Genevaview email addressThe email was not providedcopy email addressAna BastosiDMax Planck Institute for BiogeochemistryiDhttps://orcid.org/0000-0002-7368-7806view email addressThe email was not providedcopy email addressSuzana BlesiciDUniversity of Belgrade and Center for Participatory ScienceiDhttps://orcid.org/0000-0002-4685-3549view email addressThe email was not providedcopy email addressFabrizio DuranteiDUniversity of SalentoiDhttps://orcid.org/0000-0002-4899-1080view email addressThe email was not providedcopy email addressJohn HillierLoughborough Universityview email addressThe email was not providedcopy email addressSérgio C OliveiraUniversidade de Lisboaview email addressThe email was not providedcopy email addressJoaquim G PintoKarlsruhe Institute of Technologyview email addressThe email was not providedcopy email addressElisa RagnoDelft University of Technologyview email addressThe email was not providedcopy email addressPauline RivoireiDUniversity of BerniDhttps://orcid.org/0000-0002-1008-0986view email addressThe email was not providedcopy email addressKate SaundersiDQueensland University of TechnologyiDhttps://orcid.org/0000-0002-1436-7802view email addressThe email was not providedcopy email addressKarin Van Der WielRoyal Netherlands Meteorological Institute (KNMI)view email addressThe email was not providedcopy email addressWenyan WuiDThe University of MelbourneiDhttps://orcid.org/0000-0003-3907-1570view email addressThe email was not providedcopy email addressTianyi ZhangChinese Academy of Sciencesview email addressThe email was not providedcopy email addressJakob ZscheischleriDHelmholtz Centre for Environmental Research -UFZUniversity of BernOeschger Centre for Climate Change ResearchiDhttps://orcid.org/0000-0001-6045-1629view email addressThe email was not providedcopy email address
Urban environments can have high-risk spaces that can provide excess personal sun exposure, such as urban or street canyons, and the spaces between buildings, among others. In these urban spaces, sun exposure can be high or low depending on several factors. Polysulphone film (PSF) was used to assess possible daily solar ultraviolet radiation (UVR) exposure in urban canyons in Venice, Italy and, for the first time in Africa, in Johannesburg, South Africa. The photodegradation of PSF upon solar exposure was monitored at a wavelength of 330 nm by ultraviolet-visible spectrophotometry, and the resultant change was converted to standard erythemal dose (SED) units (1 SED = 100 J m-2 ). Mean daily ambient solar UVR exposure measured for Venice and Johannesburg ranged between 20-28 SED and 33-43 SED, respectively. Canyon-located PSF exposures were lower in Venice (1-9 SED) than those in Johannesburg (9-39 SED), depending mainly on the sky view factor and orientation to the sun. There was large variation in solar UVR exposure levels in different urban canyons. These preliminary results should be bolstered with additional studies for a better understanding of excess personal exposure risk in urban areas, especially in Africa.
In this paper we have analyzed scaling properties and cyclical behavior of the three types of stock market indexes (SMI) time series: data belonging to stock markets of developed economies, emerging economies, and of the underdeveloped or transitional economies. We have used two techniques of data analysis to obtain and verify our findings: the wavelet spectral analysis to study SMI returns data, and the Hurst exponent formalism to study local behavior around market cycles and trends. We have found cyclical behavior in all SMI data sets that we have analyzed. Moreover, the positions and the boundaries of cyclical intervals that we have found seam to be common for all markets in our dataset. We list and illustrate the presence of nine such periods in our SMI data. We also report on the possibilities to differentiate between the level of growth of the analyzed markets by way of statistical analysis of the properties of wavelet spectra that characterize particular peak behaviors. Our results show that measures like the relative WT energy content and the relative WT amplitude for the peaks in the small scales region could be used for partial differentiation between market economies. Finally, we propose a way to quantify the level of development of a stock market based on the Hurst scaling exponent approach. From the local scaling exponents calculated for our nine peak regions we have defined what we named the Development Index, which proved, at least in the case of our dataset, to be suitable to rank the SMI series that we have analyzed in three distinct groups.