This paper describes the development of EMG signal acquisition system application for model cart control. The main application of this type of control is to assist disabled people or frail people to control a cart or device via their healthy muscle. In this project, the circuit was simulated, developed and troubleshoots. The aim of model cart control was to control four basic directions which is forward, backward, turn left and turn right. Threshold voltage level comparison method is used in this project for model cart control. By considering the user friendly issue for the application system, EMG signal acquisition method was decided to be used and obtained with surface electrode. There are two stages to be done for this system, in which the first stage is the signal acquisition system and the second stage is to control the action of model cart. First stage included pre-amplifier, rectification and filtering, which were done with instrumentation amplifier, active low pass and high pass filter and precision full wave rectifier. Second stage included the microcontroller and motor driver in which the microcontroller functions to read the two channel EMG signal and give signal for the motor driver to control the DC geared motor. The result of the hardware testing is compared with the software simulation where the same output is obtained. There were also some limitation and problem which have not been solved. There was wire connected to the model cart where it is not very convenient for the model cart to move around or further.
This paper presents particle swarm optimization based perturb and observe (PSO-P&O) algorithm for maximizing
output power of photovoltaic (PV) array under partially shaded conditions (PSC). During PSC, the P-V characteristic of PV will
become more complex with multiple maximum power points (MPP). Most of the conventional maximum power point tracking
(MPPT) algorithms, such as P&O, will be trapped at the local MPP and hence limiting the maximum power generation. As such,
investigation on PSO-P&O algorithm is carried out to maximize the PV generated power principally under PSC operation. The
performances of conventional P&O and the proposed PSO-P&O algorithms are investigated particularly on the transient and
steady state responses under various shaded conditions. The simulation results show the developed PSO- P&O algorithm is able to
facilitate the PV array to reach the global MPP and assist the PV array to produce more stable output power compared to the
conventional P&O algorithm.
This paper presents a method of gesture recognition using Hidden Markov Model (HMM). Gesture itself is based on the movement of each right hand (RH) and left hand (LH), which represents the word intended by the signer. The feature vector selected, gesture path, hand distance and hand orientations are obtained from RH and LH then trained using HMM to produce the respective gesture class. While training, in handling HMM state, we introduce fixed state and variable state, where in fixed state, the numbers of state is generally fixed for all gestures and while the number of state in variable state is determined by the movement of the gesture. It was found that fixed state gave the highest rate of recognition achieving 83.1%.
The idea of lip reading as a visual technique which people may use to translate lip movement into phrases without relying on speech itself is fascinating. There are numerous application areas in which lip reading could provide full assistance. Although there may be a downside to using the lip reading system, whether it may range from problems such as time constraint to minor word recognition mistakes, further development of the system should be an active cycle. Ongoing research into improvement of the lip reading system performance by way of suitable choices of feature extraction and classifiers is essential to track the developing trend in both fields of technology as well as in pattern recognition. This paper discusses a short review on the existing methods and classifiers which have been used in previous work in the field of lip reading.
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