We investigate the undetected error probabilities for bounded-distance decoding of binary primitive BCH codes when they are used for both error correction and detection on a binary symmetric channel. We show that the undetected error probability of binary linear codes can be simplified and quantified if the weight distribution of the code is binomial-like. We obtain bounds on the undetected error probability of binary primitive BCH codes by applying the result to the code and show that the bounds are quantified by the deviation factor of the true weight distribution from the binomial-like weight distribution.
Calcium ions are essential for various physiological processes and regulation of calcium ion concentration is critical for maintenance of calcium homeostasis. It has been implicated that calcium ions play an important role for the establishment and maintenance of pregnancy. However, molecular and cellular mechanisms regulating calcium ion concentration are not fully understood in the uterine endometrium in pigs. Our recent study in pigs showed that calcium regulatory molecules, TRPV6 and S100G that are involved in cellular entry of calcium ions and transport of cytoplasmic calcium ions, respectively, were expressed in the uterine endometrium in a stage- and cell type-specific manner during pregnancy, and regulated by gestation stage and sex steroid hormones. In this study we investigated expression of cellular calcium extrusion regulatory molecules, ATP2B (ATP2B1,2,3, and 4), SLC8A (SLC8A1,2, and 3), and SLC24A (SLC24A1,2,3, and 4) families, in the uterine endometrium during the estrous cycle and pregnancy in pigs. Uterine endometrial tissue samples were collected from day (D) 12 and D15 of the estrous cycle and from D12, D15, D30, D60, D90, and D110 of pregnancy. RT-PCR was used to clone partial cDNAs for the members of the porcine ATP2B, SLC8A, and SLC24A families from porcine uterine tissue total RNAs. All genes except SLC24A1 were successfully cloned. Northern blot analysis of endometrial RNA identified that RNAs for ATP2B1, ATP2B2, ATP2B4, SLC24A3 and SLC24A4 were detectable in the uterine endometrium during the estrous cycle and pregnancy. Analysis of real-time RT-PCR to determine the steady-state levels of mRNA expression for those genes showed that expression levels of some genes such as SLC24A4 was changed depending on the pregnancy status and stage, but other genes including ATP2B1, ATP2B2, ATP2B4 and SLC24A3 were not changed. Results of this study showed that calcium extrusion regulatory molecules are expressed in the uterine endometrium during the estrous cycle and pregnancy and their expression was pregnancy status- and stage-specific. These results suggest that expression of calcium extrusion regulatory molecules are tightly regulated during the estrous cycle and pregnancy and may play an important role in the establishment and maintenance of pregnancy in concert with calcium entry-related and intracellular calcium regulatory molecule by regulating endometrial calcium ion concentration. (poster)
Pig conceptuses secrete interferon-gamma (IFNG) and IFN-delta (IFND) during early pregnancy. IFNs have critical functions in host defense, immune regulation, cell adhesion, and cell growth and differentiation in various tissues. However, functions of IFNs in the uterine endometrium are not clearly understood in pigs. It is required to elucidate expression and regulation of IFN receptors for understanding IFN functions in the uterine endometrium in pigs. Thus, to initiate the study on the role of IFNG in the uterine endometrium, we analyzed expression of IFNG receptors, IFNGR1 and IFNGR2, in the uterine endometrium during the estrous cycle and pregnancy. Uterine endometrial tissues were collected from gilts on day (D) 12 and D15 of the estrous cycle and D12, D15, D30, D60, D90, and D114 of pregnancy. Real-time RT-PCR analysis showed that levels of IFNGR1 and IFNGR2 mRNA changed in the uterine endometrium during pregnancy. Especially, levels of IFNGR2 in the uterine endometrium were highest during pregnancy, and were higher on D12 of pregnancy than those on D12 of the estrous cycle. RT-PCR analysis showed that IFNGR1 and IFNGR2 mRNA were detected in conceptuses on D12 and D15 of pregnancy. Using endometrial explant cultures from D12 of the estrous cycle, we determined that levels of IFNGR2, but not IFNGR1, were increased by the presence of both estrogen and progesterone. IL1B and IFNG did not affect expression of IFNGR1 and IFNGR2 in the uterine endometrium. To understand the effect of somatic cell nuclear transfer (SCNT) procedure on the maternal-conceptus interaction, we obtained endometrial tissues from gilts with embryos derived from SCNT on D12 of pregnancy and analyzed levels of IFNGR1 and IFGNR2 mRNA compared to those in gilts with embryos from natural mating. Both IFNGR1 and IFNGR2 mRNA levels were significantly decreased in the endometrium with SCNT embryos. These results showed that IFNGR1 and IFNGR2 were differently regulated during pregnancy in the uterine endometrium and that IFNGR1 and IFNGR2 expression was affected by SCNT procedure. These findings indicate that the IFNG and IFNGR system might be critical for maternal-conceptus interaction and, in turn, for the establishment and maintenance of pregnancy in pigs. [This work was supported by the Biogreen 21 program (#20070301034040), Rural Development Administration, and the National Research Foundation (NRF-2010-413-B00024) funded by the Korean Government.] (poster)
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